Socialization What makes us human? © Robert J. Atkins, Ph.D.

Nature or Nurture? Feral children

Is social experience crucial in forming personality? Anna & Isabelle Effect of minimal human contact Without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action Institutionalized patient

What about isolation in other species? Harlow monkey studies Isolation produced permanent developmental damage in both humans and monkeys

Do you remember? What did feral children show us? What did Anna and Isabelle show us? What did the Harlow monkey studies show us?

What are the results of socialization? Personality Thought The social self

How did I develop my personality? Ask yourself… How did I develop my personality?

Personality Sigmund Freud Humans internalize social norms Id = Basic drives Sex & violence Ego = Balance Balances demands of society and pleasure-seeking drives Superego = Conscience Culture Humans internalize social norms

How did you learn to think and reason? Jean Piaget Cognition (thinking)

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? Sensorimotor stage (0-2) Object permanence Preoperational stage (2-7) Use of language Egocentric Concrete operations stage (7-12) Logic develops - “Conservation of matter” Formal operations Abstract thought - imagine alternatives

Who do you think you are?

What is your social self? George H. Mead’s idea The “self” comes from social experience Self-awareness and self image Generalized other Cultural norms & values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves. “Taking the role of the other” Imaging the situation from another person’s point of view

How do you develop the “Generalized Other”? Imitation Play Game Generalized other

What is another idea about your social self? Charles H. Cooley’s idea The Looking-glass Self People see themselves the way they think others see them.

Do you remember? What are Freud’s three parts of the personality? What does each do? How did Mead think you developed your self image? How did Cooley think you developed your self image?

What do you think is good – bad – right – wrong? How did you develop your morality?

What are the stages in Kolberg’s moral reasoning? Preconventional (0-9 yrs) Self interest Avoid punishment Conventional (To adolescence) Upholding laws Postconventional (Adult) “What is right” Ethical principles

Can you be re-socialized? Re-socialization Goffman = Re-socialization is breaking down an old identity, then building a new identity Total institutions Used to radically changing a personality Cult Military boot camp Prison

Do you remember? What are the stages in Kolberg’s development of moral reasoning? Why do people do what they think is right in each of these stages? What is the process of re-socialization?