War, and the End of an Era in Europe World War I War, and the End of an Era in Europe

World War I Causes Nationalism Military alliances and planning Colonial expansion Arms Races Assassination

Battlefronts Western Front -600 miles from English Channel to Swiss border Eastern Front-1100 miles from Riga to the Black Sea Southern Front-320 miles of the Italian border Various locations in Africa, Asia, and the world’s oceans

New Weapons Machine gun Airplane Poison gas Flamethrower Submarine Tank Heavy Artillery

1914 June 28 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand July 28 Austria declared war on Serbia Aug. 1 Germany declared war on Russia 3rd Germany declared war on France 4th Germany invaded Belgium Britain declared war

1914 Aug. 26 Battle of Tannenberg Sept. 6-9 Battle of the Marne Oct. 21-Nov. 17 First Battle of Ypres Oct. 29 Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers Dec. 24-25 Unofficial Christmas Truce

Trench Warfare No Man’s Land Barbed Wire Frontline trench Support trench Reserve trench Long periods of boredom in squalid conditions Shell Shock

1915 Jan. 19 First Zeppelin raid on England April 22-25 Second Ypres Gallipoli landings begin; end in failure on Oct. 23 May 17 Lusitania sunk May 23 Italy joins Allies

Air Warfare

1916 Feb. 21-Dec. 18 Battle of Verdun May 31-June 1 Battle of Jutland July 1- Nov. 18 Battle of the Somme July 29 Hindenburg appointed commander in chief of German forces Sept. 15 Tanks employed on the Somme Dec. 7 Lloyd George elected prime minister of Britain

Verdun

Jutland

The Somme

Cost of War 1916 Verdun France 550,000 Germany 434,000 The Somme Britain 400,000 France 200,000 Germany 450,000

1917 Feb. 1 Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed Feb. 23 Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line March 1 Zimmermann Telegram April 6 US joins Allies April 29-May 20 French army mutiny

Russian Revolution March 12 1st Russian Revolution March 15 Czar Nicolas II abdicated July 31- Aug. 9 Last Russian offensive actions Nov. 7 Bolsheviks seized power under V. I. Lenin Dec. 15 Armistice March 3, 1918 Treaty of Brest- Litovsk

1917 June 26 First US troops arrive July 31- Nov. 10 Third Ypres “Passchendale”

1918 Jan. 8 Wilson’s 14 Points March 21 Michael Offensive June 25 US troops capture Bellau Wood July 15 Final German offensive of the war July 21 US troops capture Chateau-Thierry

1918 Aug. 8 British troops breakthrough on the Aisne River Sept. 12 St. Mihiel Offensive Sept. 26 – Nov. 11 Meuse- Argonne Offensive Oct 30 Ottomans surrender Nov. 3 Austrians surrender Nov. 11 Armistice signed

Casualties and Costs of War Britain 8,904,467 mobilized 908,371 deaths 2,090,212 wounded $51,000,000,000 France 8,410,000 mobilized 1,357,800 deaths 4,266,000 wounded $49,800,000,000 Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 deaths 4,950,000 wounded $25,600,000,000 United States 4,355,000 mobilized 50,585 deaths 205,690 wounded $ 32,300,000,000

Casualties and Costs of War Germany 11,000,000 mobilized 1,808, 546 deaths 4,247,143 wounded $58,000,000,000 Austria 7,800,000 mobilized 922,500 deaths 3,620,000 wounded $23,000,000,000 Ottoman Empire 2,850,000 mobilized 325,000 deaths 400,000 wounded $3,400,000,000 Bulgaria 1,200,000 mobilized 75,844 deaths 152,390 wounded $1,000,000,000

Casualties and Costs of War Total Mobilization 65,038,810 Total Deaths 14,663,413 Total Wounded 21,228,813 Total Cost $281,887,000,000,000 Spanish Flu Epidemic killed an additional 20,000,000 people in 1918-1919

Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles Germany lost all colonies Alsace and Lorraine returned to France Saar occupied for 15 years by League of Nations Rhineland demilitarized Poland created with corridor to the sea German military limited to 100,000 troops with no air force, tanks, large warships, U-boats, general staff Article 231 War Guilt Clause War reparations of $33 billion (paid by 1987)`

Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles Austria and Hungary seperated Creation of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania United States never ratified treaty, nor joined League of Nations