Final exam-120 multiple choice-120 marks from vitamins to end of course -4 short answer questions-15 points each for a total of 60 points covers whole course -3 hours- 180 marks PLEASE SEE EXAM REGULATIONS ON: faculty.cbu.ca/ebarre

Beta carotene-fat soluble Lecture 10a- 21 March 2019 This lecture is based largely on Chapter 7, 12, 14, 15,16 in Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition by Rolfes et al.

Outline Water     -role in metabolism     -role in metabolic regulation

Outline of lecture 10 Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation     Infancy     Early Childhood     Adolescence     Adulthood

More Detailed Comments Water    -role in metabolism     -carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body      -maintains structure of large molecules like proteins and glycogen    

Water   -role in metabolism        -participates in metabolic reactions- eg hydrolysis (eg protein catabolism), or product of metabolism (metabolic sink)(eg when hydrogen joins with oxygen as part of electron transport chain processes)        -solvent (provides medium for reactions)        -regulation of body temperature        -maintains blood volume

Water -class exercise   -explain each role in metabolic regulation        

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Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             foetal growth and development                     -folate supplementation                                     -prevent neural tube defects                                     -one month before conception- why?                                    

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation             foetal growth and development folate supplementation                          -0.8 to 4 mg supplements                                     -if have had previous neural tube baby then 4 mg supplements may be recommended - require a prescription as high folate intake may mask pernicious anemia of a vitamin  B12 deficiency

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy            critical periods     -maternal anemia during critical growth period of placental growth alters pattern of blood vessel growth which may affect cardiovascular health of infant                       

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy            critical periods         -infant beta cell development-poor maternal nutrition during critical period of  beta cell development (12 weeks gestation to 5 months post delivery) may cause diabetes particularly if person eats in overabundance in later life

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy              weight prior to conception-underweight mother                    -underweight mother leads to greater chance of a low birthweight infant especially if mother is unable to gain sufficient weight during the pregnancy                                                            

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy              weight prior to conception-underweight mother                    -as well rates of preterm births and infant deaths are higher for underweight women                                                                                              

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy              weight prior to conception-overweight mother                    overweight mother leads to greater chance of her experiencing gestational diabetes, hypertension and post-partum infections and of having a stillborn and/or other labour and delivery complications                                                                                         

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy              weight prior to conception-overweight mother                    -as well infants tend to be larger and have greater risk of poor health(including neural tube defects) and death than do normal weight infants                     -never try to lose weight during pregnancy- lose appropriately pre- conception or post-delivery                                                                                         

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             weight gain during pregnancy                   underweight                 28-40 lbs                   correct weight              25-35 lbs                   overweight                    15-25 lbs      obese          15   lbs minimum                                                                                         

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy                   energy                       add 100 kcal per day  trimester 1                       add 300 kcal per trimesters 2 and 3                        pregnant teenagers, underweight and physically active women may require more                                                                                         

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                         fig 14-10                                                                                         

Figure 14.10: Comparison of Nutrient Recommendations for Nonpregnant, Pregnant, and Lactating Women. For actual values, turn to the table on the inside front cover. Fig. 14-10, p. 489

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                        carbohydate- ideally 250 or more grams per day and no less than 100 grams per day                                                                                         

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                        protein                             add 5 grams per day  trimester 1                             add 20 grams per day trimester 2                             add 25 grams per day trimester 3                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                        protein                             most people have enough protein to begin with  in their diet to meet these protein requirements                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                        protein                             do NOT use high protein supplements during pregnancy-chance of low birthweights, pre-term births and still borns                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                        essential fatty acids                           linoleic and alpha-linolenic- brain growth and development, visual acuity                             fish oil supplements are not recommended -possibility of toxins and effect on pregnancy is not known                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy             energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy nutrient needs                           -folate, B12, iron and zinc as well as vitamin D and calcium require particular attention                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle     Pregnancy and Lactation        Pregnancy              common nutrition related concerns of pregnancy                     -nausea, constipation, haemorrhoids, heartburn, food cravings and aversions, non food-cravings (pica)                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation              malnutrition and pregnancy                     -malnutrition can lead to reduced fertility for males and females                     -malnutrition prior to pregnancy- prevent placenta from developing properly with subsequent potential for physical and cognitive abnormalities on the part of  the infant                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation              infants birthweight                     -low- premature-can catch up -have easier time catching up in growth development if  their post-delivery nutrition is good                             -less than gestational age- have tougher time catching up in growth development even if their post-delivery nutrition is good                                                                                                                     

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation              mothers age                             -adolescence- immaturity may lead to poor food choices with subsequent foetal risk                                                 -weight gain of 35 lbs for normal weight female                                                                                                                                 

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation              practices incompatible with pregnancy alcohol and herbal supplements and nutraceuticals                                                                                                                     

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