1. Final exam-120 multiple choice-120 marks
from vitamins to end of course
-4 short answer questions-15 points each for a total of 60 points
covers whole course
-3 hours- 180 marks
PLEASE SEE EXAM REGULATIONS
ON: faculty.cbu.ca/ebarre

2. Beta carotene-fat soluble
Lecture 10b- 26 March 2019
This lecture is based largely on Chapter 7, 12, 14, 15,16 in Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition by Rolfes et al.

3. Lectures 10ab
Outline
Water
    -role in metabolism
    -role in metabolic regulation

4. Outline of lectures 10ab
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
    Pregnancy and Lactation
    Infancy
    Early Childhood
    Adolescence
    Adulthood

5. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation
            
Nutrition during lactation
            mother's nutrient needs
                energy
                    additional 450 kcal per day consumed- rest comes from fat stores built up during pregnancy
                    figure 14-10
                           
                            
                                                           

6. Figure 14.10: Comparison of Nutrient Recommendations for Nonpregnant, Pregnant, and Lactating Women.
For actual values, turn to the table on the inside front cover.
Fig , p. 489

7. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
            energy and nutrient needs
                    energy
                        infants require about 100 kcal/kg/day
                    protein
                        inadequate-consequences
                        too much-stress kidneys and liver
                    figure 15-2
                           
                            
                                                           

8. Figure 15.2: Recommended Intakes of an Infant and an Adult Compared on the Basis of Body Weight.
Because infants are small, they need smaller total amounts of the nutrients than adults do, but when comparisons are based on body weight, infants need more than twice as much of many nutrients. Infants use large amounts of energy and nutrients, in proportion to their body size, to keep all their metabolic processes going.
Fig. 15-2, p. 517

9. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
                   breast milk
                    lactose improves calcium absorption
                    omega 3 fatty acids
                    figure 15-3
                           
                            
                                                           

10. Figure 15.3: Percentages of Energy-Yielding Nutrients in Breast Milk and in Recommended Adult Diets.
The proportions of energy-yielding nutrients in human breast milk differ from those recommended for adults.
Note: The values listed for adults represent approximate midpoints of the acceptable ranges for protein (10 to 35 percent), fat (20 to 35 percent), and carbohydrate (45 to 65 percent).
Fig. 15-3, p. 518

11. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
    Infancy
         infant formula
            nothing beats breast milk
            soya formulas-avoids allergy issue found with some non-soya formulas
                                     - good for lactose intolerance as there is no lactose in soya formulas
             avoid goats milk-low in folate
             table 15-2
             figure 15-4                                                        

12. Table 15-2, p. 519

13. Figure 15.4: Percentages of Energy-Yielding Nutrients in Breast Milk and in Infant Formula.
The average proportions of energy-yielding nutrients in human breast milk and formula differ slightly. In contrast, cow’s milk provides too much protein (20%) and too little carbohydrate (30%).
Fig. 15-4, p. 521

14. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
              special needs of pre-term infants
                    poor absorption of lipid, fat soluble vitamins, calcium, iron and zinc due to immature gut
                    solution-pre-term breast milk eg higher protein concentration than full term breast milk
                           
                            
                                                           

15. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
             introducing cow's milk
                    not until 12 months of age
                    poor iron content and it may cause intestinal bleeding
                    cows milk is higher in calcium and lower in vitamin C-thus inhibiting iron absorption
                    type 1 diabetes issue-this is controversial
                           
                            
                                                           

16. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
             introducing solid foods
                    no earlier than 6  months
                    6-12 months
                     if not before end of first year there may be delayed growth
               
                           
                            
                                                           

17. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
             introducing solid foods
6-12 months
                        iron fortified cereals, meat or meat alternatives such as legumes
                                        -serve with vitamin C to improve iron absorption
                                        -vitamin C rich foods include citrus fruit juices and chopped berries
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

18. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Infancy
             introducing solid foods
                    at one year cups of milk maximum to avoid displacement of iron rich foods plus give iron fortified cereals, fruits and vegetables to meet iron requirements
                    primary food in first 12 months ideally is breast milk
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

19. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
        Early Childhood
            energy and nutrient needs
                    energy
                        1 year 1000 kcal/day
                        3 years-1300 kcal/day
                        10 years-2000 kcal/day
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

20. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
        Early Childhood
            energy and nutrient needs
                  nutrient needs
                        protein-needs dictated by needs to maintain nitrogen balance, protein quality and added needs of growth
                   vitamins and minerals-met by principles of dietary planning(adequacy, moderation, balance, variety, energy control and avoiding empty kcal foods)
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

21. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Early Childhood
           
             hunger and malnutrition in children
                    glucose and iron are critical to brain functioning and subsequently to the child's behaviour
            adverse reactions to foods
                    must meet nutrient needs of child
            childhood obesity
                    excess energy intake relative to energy expenditure
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

22. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Early Childhood
           
              mealtimes at home
                    -6 principles of good dietary planning
            nutrition at school
                     -pack lunches
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

23. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Adolescence
            energy and nutrient needs
                energy kcal/day
                           activity levels
                            males need more than females
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

24. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Adolescence
           nutrients
                          vitamin D and calcium
                           iron
           chronic diseases
                          atherosclerosis
                          type 2 diabetes
                         hypertension
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

25. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Adulthood
               as we age in adulthood we reduce our metabolic rate- therefore need to reduce caloric intake while meeting the 6 principles of good dietary planning that adequately address changing nutrient intake requirements
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

26. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Adulthood
              water- avoid dehydration-mobility and desire to consume water are issues here
               protein- 0.8 g/kg/day
               carbohydrate- increased fibre to offset constipation- also need more fluid
              
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

27. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Adulthood
             vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium as well as iron are among the nutrients of primary concern
              vitamin B12 -bacterial overgrowth-in stomach results in vitamin B consumption by bacteria
             vitamin D and calcium -a concern due to reduced dairy intake as we age as well as the risk of osteoporosis
             
              
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

28. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
       Adulthood
             vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium as well as iron are among the nutrients of primary concern
              
iron- deficiency risk if low food energy intakes-mobility and desire to consume food are issues here
             
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

29. Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle
   Adulthood
        nutrient-brain relationships-table 16-2              
              
                  
               
                           
                            
                                                           

30. Table 16-2, p. 574