SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

WASTE It is defined as: Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials. OR “Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity; using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly” Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Other parts of animals they slaughter INTRODUCTION Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste. It could be in the form of: Bones Other parts of animals they slaughter Wood With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a more complex nature. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

At the end of 19th century (Industrial revolution) there was rise in the world of consumers. The increase in population and urbanization was also largely responsible for the increase in solid waste Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

TYPES OF WASTE Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gaseous Wastes Animal by-products Biodegradable waste Biomedical waste Bulky waste Business waste Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) Controlled waste Chemical waste Clinical waste Coffee wastewater Commercial waste Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) Controlled waste Consumable waste Composite Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

SOLID WASTE It is defined as: “Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances” Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Solid wastes also include: Sewage sludge Agricultural refuse Demolition wastes Mining residues Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows: TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows: Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste Industrial waste as Hazardous waste Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Construction and demolition debris MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste consists of: Household waste Construction and demolition debris Sanitation residue Waste from streets. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc A week or two. Paper 10–30 days Cotton cloth 2–5 months Wood 10–15 years Woolen items 1 year Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years Plastic bags one million years Glass bottles undetermined Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

HAZARDOUS WASTE Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are Corrosive Highly inflammable, or explosive React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include: old batteries shoe polish paint tins old medicines medicine bottles. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous. These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

HOSPITAL WASTE Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals It may include wastes like Sharps Soiled waste Disposables Anatomical waste Cultures Discarded medicines Chemical wastes Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE Typical Waste Generators Types of solid wastes 1:Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes Paper Cardboard Plastics Textiles Leather Yard wastes Wood Glass Metals Ashes Special wastes (e.g bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.) Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Construction and demolition materials Hazardous wastes Ashes 2: Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants. Housekeeping wastes Packaging Food wastes Construction and demolition materials Hazardous wastes Ashes Special wastes. 3:Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Paper cardboard plastics wood food wastes glass metals special wastes hazardous wastes 4: Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. Same as commercial. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

5:Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Wood steel concrete dirt etc. 6:Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants. Street sweepings landscape and tree trimmings General wastes from parks Beaches Recreational areas; sludge. 7:Process (manufacturing etc.) Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing. Industrial process wastes Scrap materials Off-specification products. 8:Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. Spoiled food wastes Agricultural wastes Hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides). Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

  CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes. The composition of a city waste is as follows: Paper, wood, cardboard 53 % Garbage 22 % Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 % Metals 8 % Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 % Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to Overpopulation, Affluence (material comfort) Technological advancement Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE a) Health Hazard If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions. This may lead to epidemic outbreaks. Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives. In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

b) Environmental Impact If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take place. The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

WASTE MANAGEMENT 4 R’s CONCEPT Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be followed for waste management. Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International Islamic University, Islamabad

Interesting, right? This is just a sneak preview of the full presentation. We hope you like it! To see the rest of it, just click here to view it in full on PowerShow.com. Then, if you’d like, you can also log in to PowerShow.com to download the entire presentation for free.