1. Garbage

2. We throw away… Enough aluminum to rebuild the country’s commercial airline fleet every 3 months Enough tires each year to encircle the planet 3 times Enough disposable diapers each year that if they were linked end to end, they would reach to the moon and back 7 times 2 billion disposable razors, 130 million cell phones, 50 million computers, 8 million TV sets each year

3. Discarded carpet that would cover the state of Delaware About 2.5 million non-returnable plastic bottles every hour About 1.5 billion pounds of edible food per year Enough office paper each year to build a wall 11 feet high across the country from New York to San Francisco 186 billion pieces of junk mail (an average of 660 per American) each year

5. Solid Waste Solid Waste: –Any discarded solid material The Problem of Waste: –There is not enough space to store garbage LOCALLY –Original Plan of “dilute & disperse” no longer works: wastes are more harmful; no longer all animal and vegetable (organic) matter

6. Types of Wastes Biodegradable –Can be broken down by biological processes –Paper, cotton, leather, etc. Non-biodegradable –Cannot be broken down by biological processes –Plastic, polyester, rubber, etc. Municipal Solid Wastes –From homes and businesses (2%) Manufacturing, mining, and agricultural wastes –Sludge, ash, rocks and minerals, animal wastes (98%)

7. Waste Management: Landfills

8. Landfill Design Groundwater Protection –Clay and polyethylene liners and leachate collection Surface Water Runoff –Collection ponds and water treatment Methane Venting –Pipes vent methane to the surface (some burn as fuel) Air Pollution Control –Cells of trash are covered daily with packed soil Habitat Protection: survey prior to construction Long Term Site Care –Plastic cap, soil and vegetation, 30 yrs of monitoring

9. Landfill Regulations Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) –Landfills must safeguard groundwater, surface water, air quality and local ecosystem –Despite regulations, many landfills have pollution problems –Most residents do not want landfills near their homes

10. Waste Management: Incinerators Waste incinerators: burn garbage –Must dispose of ash (to landfill); less volume more toxic –Air pollution problems –May generate electricity with heat from fires

11. Minimizing Waste: Source Reduction Source Reduction –Changes in design or use to reduce toxicity of garbage Reduce (buy less) –Buy products with less packaging –Use dish towels instead of paper towels, etc. Re-use (use product again) –Re-usable shopping bags, or use the plastic bag again

12. Minimizing Waste: Recycling Recycling –Waste materials are turned into a new product –Post consumer recycled products need a market! Composting –Decompose organic wastes into organic feritlizer

13. Minimizing Waste: Alternative Materials Cradle-to-cradle design –design products to be re-used or recycled (single- input products are more easily recycled) –Design biodegradable versions of hazardous products (biodegradable plastics)

14. Hazardous Waste Any solid/liquid material that is toxic, ignitable, corrosive, or reactive enough to explode or release toxic fumes

15. Hazardous Waste Regulation Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) –Requires records of hazardous waste handling & disposal –Requires safeguards for disposal facilities Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund, 1980) –Owners of hazardous waste sites may be sued for illegal dumping; forced to pay for cleanup

16. Hazardous Waste Management Prevention (redesign the process or product) Conversion into non-hazardous substances (neutralize an acid with a base, use a chem rxn) Deep-well injection (below groundwater) Surface impoundments (lined ponds) Hazardous Waste Landfills (buried barrels) Biological treatment (organisms consume wastes) Incineration (burning) Exportation (to other states, or internationally)

17. Household Hazardous Wastes Include motor oil, paints, batteries, computers, cell phones, pesticides, fertilizers, cleaning products, and antifreeze Local governments sponsor household materials collection days (see www.westchestergov.com)