Napoleon’s Grand Empire and Nationalism

I. Spread of Nationalism Nationalism: The cultural identity of a people; pride in one’s own country based on shared customs and a common history. Cause and Effects: Enlightenment – American Revolution – French Revolution – French Empire – European Nationalism

II. Napoleon Bonaparte Role in the Revolution Young Corsican artillery commander Rises in the ranks fighting the Austrians Develops a reputation as a general in Austria and Egypt Takes part in a Coup d’etat, becoming First Consul of France

II. Napoleon Bonaparte Role in the French Government As First Consul for Life he conquers most of Europe except Britain and Russia Defeated by Lord Horatio Nelson at Battle of Trafalgar (1st Defeat) Unsuccessfully forbade countries in Europe to trade with Britain (Continental Plan) Invaded Russia in 1812 and was defeated – exiled to Elba Returned to France and was defeated at Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington and exiled to St. Helena

III. Napoleonic Reforms French Empire spreads ideas Legal: new legal system based on Enlightenment & religious toleration, right to choose career, equality before the law Social: Built state-schools, ended serfdom and 3 estates Political: created government bureaucracy based on merit not noble birth & reduced power of Catholic Church Economic: Set up Bank of France to hold/track tax money & required everyone to pay taxes

IV. Nationalism in Italy Camillo de Cavour led the unification of the northern Italian states he was the prime minister of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia – the largest and most powerful Italian state With French help unites Piedmont and Lombardy

IV. Nationalism in Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi led revolts in southern Italy using guerilla warfare (hit and run). Gained control of Sicily Gained control of Naples (Southern Italy)

IV. Nationalism in Italy King Victor Emmanuel II – king of Piedmont- Sardinia and will be first king of a unified Italy

V. Nationalism in Germany German Confederation 39 loosely joined states Austria and Prussia largest and most powerful Prussia Ruled by Wilhelm I and had support of conservative Prussian nobles called Junkers

V. Nationalism in Germany Otto von Bismarck – “Iron Chancellor” Prime Minister (Chancellor) of Prussia “Power behind the throne” “Realpolitik” – Politics of reality Power politics without any notions of a perfect world – no room for idealism Speeches decide nothing – only hard work and real effort “blood and iron” Led efforts to unify Germany “Realpolitik in action”

V. Nationalism in Germany Franco –Prussian War Napoleon III declared war on Prussia in July of 1870 May of 1871, France was defeated and Napoleon III was captured German states rallied behind Prussia and united to form the German Empire Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser (Emperor/Caesar) of a united Germany Bismarck becomes Chancellor of the German Empire