PARTICIPLE

Participle Participle Adjective “ing” form Past participle 1) This is the term we often use for two forms of the English verb : The “ing” participle e.g. working , losing The PAST PARTICIPLE e.g. worked , lost 2) Many adjectives have the same form as participles. Participle Adjective “ing” form His mother is working in a factory. A working mother A boring lecture Past participle I have lost my purse. I was bored by the lecture. A lost purse The bored students

Short Exercise: I saw a ________ house. (burn) burning The______ leaves are flying everywhere. (fall) falling I don’t like ________ rice. (burn) burnt A _______ glass is of no use. (break) broken An _______ story is always amusing. (interest) interesting

Adverbial participle clause 1) A participle clause is a subordinate clause in which the “ing” participle or the past participle is the main verb. Such clauses are found particularly in <written> English. 2) The participle normally begins the clause. Adverbial participle clause “ing” clause Being a woman of firm views, Margaret decided to resign. Past participle clause Accused of dishonesty by the media, the Minister decided to resign.

2a) adverbial participle clause: Adverbial participle clauses are similar to clauses of TIME or REASON.. Compare the clauses of following examples: Being a woman of firm views, Margaret decided to resign. Since she was a woman of firm views, Accused of dishonesty by the media, the Minister decided to resign. After he had been accused of dishonesty by the media,

Short Exercise: ________ alive for days, he survived to tell about the earthquake. (bury) Buried Tired and _______ , she dropped out of the race. (discourage) discouraged ________ not finished his homework, he is punished by the teacher. (have) Having

2b) Clauses beginning with these conjunctions can be formed with participles and without a subject: E.g. if, unless, (al)though, while, where, wherever, whether, when, whenever, before, after, while, once, until

Conjunction + Participle + rest of clause After being accused of dishonesty... Before meeting the President... While working in a factory... If bought from a recognized dealer... Once taken E.g. After being accused of dishonesty, he resigned. Before meeting the President, the press were warned not to ask awkward questions. Once taken, the drug has a deadly effect.

Short Exercise: After _______ the movie, we had our lunch. (see) seeing Before _______ a lunch, we were seen the movie. (have) having Once _______ , the lunch is delicious. (eat) eaten

Relative participle clause 2c) Relative participle clauses: Relative participle clauses give more information about a noun. The relative pronoun + be are omitted. E.g. The train arriving at Platform 3... a man known as 'The Grey Wolf'... Relative participle clause The train arriving at Platform 3 is the 14.30 for Central. The police are looking for a man known as ‘The Grey Wolf.’ “ing” clause Past participle clause

sitting 1) The boy _________beside Candy is my brother. ( Sit ) knocked 2) The old woman ________down by a car yesterday died in hospital this morning. ( Knock ) The boy sitting next to Alan is absent today <-Wrong The boy who sits next to Alan is absent today.

2d) On the whole, it is better not to use participle clauses in <speech>:they are too <formal>.But in <writing> they can be useful, because they allow us to say the same thing as a finite subordinate clause, but with fewer words. 2e) Sometimes a participle clause has an expressed subject: E.g. Our company's performance this year has been slightly disappointing. That said, we can look forward to improved results next summer.(='Once that has been said,...')

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