8. INTERIOR FINISHES FOR WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION

8.1 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS FOR WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTIONS - OVERVIEW 8.1 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS FOR WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION - OVERVIEW 8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS 8.3 THERMAL INSULATIONS AND VAPOR RETARDERS 8.4 DESIGN OF FINISH STAIRS

Interior Construction Sequence Interior Partition Framing Rough-in (& Equipment) Code Compliance Inspection Thermal Insulation & Vapor Retarder Building Inspection Ceiling & Wall Materials Interior Millwork, Interior Finishes MPE Fixtures, Devices, Trim, & Appliances

Copper Water Piping (joints) Waste/Vent Piping WC Rough-in Copper Water Piping (joints) Why not PVC? Pipe Insulation

Vent Pipe Plumbing Why “Stack” Plumbing Fixtures??

Insulated “Flex” Duct

Rare in Residential Construction Insulation Sprinkler Pipe Rare in Residential Construction WHY? Flexible Duct Duct Anchorage

Round Duct

Square Ductwork

Electrical Roughin

Electrical roughin using flexible metal conduits

Nail Protectors and Sealant to prevent smoke migration

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS After the framing carpenters and roofers finish the exterior roofing and siding of the platform frame building, they are joined by a number of building trade persons to complete the building on the inside Plumbers begin the installation of piping - First the drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipes (larger diameter pipe) are installed since they need to have the right-of way - Second the small supply pipes, that bring hot and cold water; and gas pipes are laid - If the building is to have a hot water system, the plumbers put the boiler and instal the heating pipes and convectors - Then sheet metal workers instal the furnace and ductwork for central warm-air heating and/or air conditioning The electricians complete the wiring of the building After this “rough” installation, inspectors from the municipal building department check each of the installed systems for compliance with the plumbing, electrical and sheet metal codes

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS (Cont’d) Thereafter, connections are made to the external sources of water, gas, electricity and communication services, and to a means of sewage disposal (to a main sewer or a septic tank and a leaching field) At this point, the general building inspector of the municipality is called to examine the framing, exterior finishing and insulation for compliance to the code provisions. Any deficiency found at this stage must be corrected immediately before proceeding further. The second phase of interior finish operations start The elaborate tangle of ‘framing members, ducts, pipes, wires and insulation’ rapidly disappears behind the finish wall and ceiling materials The interior millwork - doors, finish stairs, railings, cabinets, shelves, closet interiors , and door and window casings - is installed by finish carpenters Finish flooring materials are installed as late as possible to save them from damage by the passing armies of workers Finish carpenters then install the baseboards

8.2 INTERIOR FINISHING OPERATIONS (Cont’d) Painters prime, paint, stain, varnish and paper the interior Family the plumbers, electricians, and sheet metal workers return briefly to install the plumbing fixtures, electrical receptacles, switches, light fixtures, air grills and registers A final round of inspection are carried out to remedy the lingering defects Now the building is ready for occupancy

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER Thermal insulation keeps a building cooler in summer and warmer in winter by retarding the passage of heat through the exterior surfaces of the building - Keeps the occupants of the building more comfortable by moderating the temperatures of the interior surfaces of the building and reducing convective drafts - Reduces the energy consumption of the building for heating and cooling, to a fraction of what it would be without insulation Thermal insulation is any material added to a building assembly, for the purpose of slowing thee conduction of heat through the assembly

Thermal Insulation Purpose Materials Installation R-Values

Vapor Retarder Outside Wall

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d) 8.3.1 Types of thermally insulating materials: Glass fiber batts (blankets) are the most popular type of insulation for wall cavities in new construction - Widely used in attic and roof insulation (i) Batt or blanket - Glass/rock wool - R value 3.2-3.7 - Incombustible (ii) High density batt - Glass wool - R value 4.3 - Incombustible (iii) Loose fill - Glass/rock wool - R value 2.5-3.5 - Incombustible (iv) Loose fibers with binders - Treated cellulose, glass wool - R value 3.1-4.0 - Incombustible (v) Foamed-in-place - Polyurethane - R value 5-7 - Combustible (vi) Foamed-in-place - Polyicynene - R value 3.6-4.0 - Combustible but self- extinguishing (vii) Rigid board - Polystyrene foam- R value 4-5 - Combustible, but self- extinguishing (viii) Rigid board - glass fiber - R value 3.5 - Incombustible (ix) Rigid board - Cane fiber - R value 2.5 - Combustible - Low cost

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d) 8.3.2 Increasing Levels of Thermal Insulation: Thicker walls, insulating sheathing materials and various schemes have been developed during the past twenty-five years - Insulation levels can be increased from R12 of a normal stud wall by using either 2x6 framing and thicker batt insulation or 2x4 framing with plastic foam sheathing in combination with batt insulation - Treated wood foundations can also be insulated to high R-values - Ceiling insulation batts usually must be compressed to fit them into the diminished space under the roof sheathing 8.3.3 Radiant Barriers: In warmer regions radiant barriers are being increasingly used to reduce flow of solar heat into the building - These are thin sheets or panels faced with a bright metal foil that reflects infrared radiation; they are installed over the rafters or studs and beneath the sheathing - Effective only if the bright surface of the barrier faces a ventilated airspace. Solar heat that has passed through the outer skin of building is removed by convection; also these barriers are configured with folds that would automatically provide the ventilated airspace - Radiant barriers are used in along with conventional insulating materials to achieve the desired overall thermal performance

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d) 8.3.4 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarder is a membrane of metal foil, plastic, or treated paper placed on the warm side of the thermal insulation to prevent water vapor from entering the insulation and condensing into liquid; its role increases in importance as the thermal insulation levels increase - Many batt insulation materials are furnished with a vapor retarder layer of treated paper or aluminum foil already attached - Designers in cold climate prefer to use unfaced batts and apply a separate vapor retarder of polyethylene sheet, since a vapor retarder attached to batts has a seam at each stud that can leak significant quantities of air and vapor 8.3.5 Air Infiltration and Ventilation: Much attention is given to reducing the air infiltration between the indoors and outdoors, since leakage often accounts for the major portion of the fuel burned to heat the building in winter - This trend has resulted in houses and apartments that exchange so little air with the outside leading to accumulation of moisture, odors and chemical pollutants indoors - Hence air-to-air heat exchangers have been installed to recover the heat from the exhausted air from the building

Vapor Retarders Purpose Materials Installation

8.3 THERMAL INSULATION AND VAPOR RETARDER (Cont’d) 8.3.6 Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA): As an alternative to vapor retarders, airtight drywall approach has been used in buildings - It is based on the assumption that most condensation problems are caused by the air leaking out from the interior of the building to outside - Hence if all the interior joints in the gypsum (drywall) board is sealed by using compressible foam gaskets or sealants then air leakage is eliminated - In addition to providing good control of water vapor, ADA also reduces heat losses that occur because of air infiltration from the outside

Airtight Drywall Approach Radiant Barriers Used to reduce the flow of solar heat Thin sheets of panels faced with metal foil Reflects infrared radiation Airtight Drywall Approach Reduce / eliminate air infiltration Effect: Control the flow of water vapor Reduce heat loss (gain) because of air infiltration

Gypsum Drywall - stacked

Joint Reinforcing Tape Corner bead Joint Tape Applied Joint Compound

Applying Joint Compound

Wall & Ceiling Finish Plaster Gypsum Drywall Veneer Plaster

Millwork & Finish Carpentry Window Casings Baseboards Cabinets

Flooring & Hard Tiles Floor Preparation Flooring Materials Wall Materials

Floor Underlayment Purpose: Materials Level Floor Increase Fire Resistance Reduce Sound Transmission Materials Poured Gypsum Lightweight Concrete

Flooring & Hard Tiles Floor Preparation Flooring Materials Wall Materials

Finish Flooring Functions & Considerations Visual Acoustics Wearing Surface Considerations Life / durability Skid resistance Sanitation Noise Fire (resistance, combustibility)

Stone Flooring Types Installation Marble Granite Slate Sandstone, … Setting Bed Grouted joints

Marble Flooring

Quarry Tile Fired Clay tiles Multiple shapes/sizes Installation Setting Bed (typical) Thin Set Grout Joints

Ceramic Tile Fired Clay - Typ. Smaller than Quarry tile Often Glazed Finish Floors & Walls Multiple sizes & colors

Wood Flooring Materials Types white & red oak, pecan, maple, pine, …. Types Wood Strip Flooring - blind nailed “Square edge” - fasteners visible (or filled) Parquet Pre-finished or finished in-place (except parquet)

Resilient Flooring Vinyl Composition Thin (1/8”), rolls or tiles (VCT) Will show substrate irregularities Multiple colors & patterns Low cost, moderate durability Installation - glued

MPE Fixtures, Devices & Trim Plumbing Fixtures Electrical Fixtures, Devices & Trim HVAC Trim

Fire Protection Methods Codes Limit Size based upon Structural Materials Interior Fire Construction Rated Corridors & Exits Firewalls / Building Partitioning Detect Fire / Smoke Self-Contained / Battery Powered - Alert Occupants Hard-Wired - Alert Occupants & Activate Life Safety Systems (HVAC) - Zones Alarms @ Control Panel & Fire Department

Fire Protection Methods continued Detect / Extinguish Fire - Sprinkler Systems Components (rare in single family homes) Distribution of Water @ appropriate pressures Piping (vertical and horizontal) Booster pumps (high rise) Dispense water @ the appropriate time Sprinkler Activate Life Safety & notify (flow valves/switches)

8.4 DESIGN OF FINISH STAIRS 8.4.1 Finish stairs are either constructed in place or shop built; site built stairs tend to be fitted more closely to the walls - Stair treads are usually made of wear-resistant hardwoods like oak and maple, whereas the risers and stringers are made of any reasonable hardwood like oak, maple or Douglas fir 8.4.2 Proportioning of Stairs: BOCA National Building Code specifies: (a) Stairs within a residence to have a minimum width of 36”, maximum riser height of 7 3/4”, minimum tread width of 10” and a minimum headroom of 6’8”; (b) Nonresidential stair with a occupancy load of 50 persons or fewer to have a minimum width of 36”, maximum riser height of 7”, minimum tread depth of 11” and minimum headroom of 6’8”; and (c) Nonresidential stair, with a occupancy load greater than 50 persons: Minimum width of 44”, maximum height of 7”, minimum tread depth of 11” and a minimum headroom of 6’8” 8.4.3 The Design Formula is (2R + T) = 25” for indoors and (2R + T) = 26 or 27” for outdoors