ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Unit 1

In history, Invisible vital energy make up living organisms (organic) Inorganic was used to describe matter that did not come from living things After experimentations and synthesizing compounds, scientists realized that all matter are not fundamentally different from each other

Why Carbon? 4 valence e-, thus, form 4 bonds Intermediate electronegativity Bonding with different atoms allow for a variety of molecules with specific structures and properties Form different shapes of molecules depending on atom combination

Terms Organic – compounds in which carbon are nearly always bonded to each other, to hydrogen and to a specific few other atoms Inorganic – compound that includes carbonates, cyanides, carbides and oxides of carbon and all others that do not contain carbon

Isomers – molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement Stereoisomers – molecules with the same molecular formula and atoms are bonded in same sequence but differ in 3D orientation of atoms in space

Diastereomers – stereoisomer bases on a double bond where different types of atoms/groups are bonded to each carbon in the double bond Enantiomers – stereoisomer in which molecules are mirror images of each other around a single carbon atom bonded to 4 different types of atoms/groups

Hydrocarbons – compounds that contain only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms Saturated hydrocarbon – contains only single bonds Homologous series – series of molecules in which each member differs from the next by an additional specific structural unit

Substituent group – atom or group of atoms substituted in place of hydrogen on the parent chain of an organic compound Alkane – hydrocarbon molecule where carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds Alkene – hydrocarbon molecule where carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds

Alkyne – hydrocarbon molecule where carbon atoms are joined by triple bonds Alkyl group/radical – a side group that is based on an alkane Aliphatic hydrocarbons – compound containing only carbon and hydrogen in which carbon atoms form straight chains and/or non-aromatic rings

Aromatic hydrocarbons – contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms and based on aromatic benzene ring Benzene – cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon, C6H6, in which all C-C bonds are intermediate in length between a single and double bond and delocalized e- are shared by all 6 C atoms

Cyclic hydrocarbon – aliphatic compound that forms a ring (not benzene) Phenyl group – term for benzene ring that forms a substituent group on a hydrocarbon chain

Copy Table 1.2 on page 17