1. Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds derived from living organisms.

2. Organic Compounds
Contain C bonded to other elements, commonly H, O, N, S, and halogens
Carbon
Can form many different compounds due to its hybrid orbitals
Has intermediate electonegativity, so its most likely to form molecular compounds (Recall: molecular compounds have diverse properties)
Can make single, double, and triple bonds
Can form isomers (same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms)

3. Isomers
Structural Isomers have the same molecular formula but the atoms are bonded together in a different sequence
Stereoisomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, a same sequence of atoms but they have different 3D orientations

4. Stereoisomers
Diastereomers form around a double bond and each carbon atom involved in the bond must have different types of atoms bonded to it
Enantiomers are mirror images of each other

5. Hydrocarbons Are made of only C & H
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the 
hydrocarbons and are composed entirely of single bonds and are “saturated” with hydrogen. 
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple 
bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are 
called alkenes.Those containing triple bonds are called alkynes.
Cycloalkanes/Cycloalkenes are hydrocarbons containing one or 
more carbon rings.
Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are 
hydrocarbons that have at least one benzene ring.

6. Types of Hydrocarbons
Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons
Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds

7. Types of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains
Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings
Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring

8. Types of Hydrocarbons

9. ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS CH4 CH2 =CH2 CH3OH
Homologous series
This is a series of compounds which all contain the same functional group, and have similar chemical properties. 
ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS
CH4 CH2 =CH2 CH3OH
CH3-CH3 CH2 =CH –CH3 CH3CH2OH
Each has a general formula:
ALKANES: CnH2n+2 ALKENES: CnH2n ALKYNES: CnH2n-2
The members of the series differ by the number of CH2 units.
CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Graduation in physical properties:  eg: boiling points.
CH4 (GAS), C8H18 (LIQUID), C30H62 (SOLID)

10. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain
of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4
4 carbon chain = butane

11. Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Add the suffix “ane”

12. Hydrocarbon Root Names
# of Carbons
Root Name 1
meth- 2
eth- 3
prop- 4
but- 5
pent- 6
hex- 7
hept- 8
oct- 9
non- 10
dec-

13. Examples
Butane
Heptane

14. Naming Branched Alkanes
Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix
Add the suffix “ane”

15. Naming Branched Alkanes
Important Rules:
Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches
If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order
If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc.
Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

16. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
When alkane groups appear as substituents, they
are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
—CH3 Methyl
—CH2CH3 Ethyl
—CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
—CH2CH2CH2CH3 Butyl
Methyl

17. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The positions of substituent groups are specified
by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms
sequentially, starting at the end closest to the
branching. 1 2 3 4
Methyl

18. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The location and name of each substituent are
followed by the root alkane name. The substituents
are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any
prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to
indicate multiple identical substituents. 1 2 3 4
Name:
2-methylbutane
Methyl

19. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 1
9 carbons = nonane 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9
Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon

20. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.

21. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9 1 9
NOT 9 1
Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching.

22. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane
Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents.

23. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

24. Practice
Worksheet
P. 18 #3,4,5

25. Structural Shorthand
Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon’s valence) are usually left off of drawings of hydrocarbons C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
Line intersections represent carbon atoms

26. Different Methods of Displaying Compounds
Molecular Formula
Condensed Structural Formula
Expanded Molecular Formula
Structural Formula
Line Formula

27. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond.
This is the parent chain, determine the root
Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number
Identify the position numbers of branches
Same rules as before
Write the branches in alphabetical order
Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond
Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic
Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

28. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes

29. Naming Aromatics Same rules
If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix
If benzene is a branch group “phenyl”

30. Practice P. 16-22 #3-7, 8abc Naming Alkenes/Alkynes Worksheet
Isomer Challenge Worksheet
Naming Hydrocarbons Worksheet