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2. Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
For thousands of years, scientists and Aboriginal peoples have been isolating organic compounds from natural materials, such as birch bark. The properties of these compounds make them useful in a wide variety of applications.
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3. 1.1 Introducing Organic Compounds
UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
1.1 Introducing Organic Compounds
Until the late 1800s, “organic” meant matter from living systems. “Inorganic” meant matter from non-living systems.
Synthesis of urea (organic) from inorganic compounds forced scientists to reconsider their definitions.
Modern Definitions
Modern definitions of “organic” and “inorganic” are based on the presence of carbon and how the carbon atoms are bonded together.
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4. The Special Nature of the Carbon Atom
UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
The Special Nature of the Carbon Atom
Important atomic properties of carbon:
C has half of a filled outer shell & intermediate EN
It is much more likely to share electrons than gain or lose electrons. Therefore, covalent bonding occurs with different elements – different structures & properties.
It has four valence electrons. Therefore, it can be bonded to as many as four different atoms.
Carbon has an atomic number of 6. On the periodic table, it is a main group element, in Period 2, Group 14.
Carbon can bond to four different atoms, producing a molecule with a tetrahedron shape.
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5. UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
Isomers
Most organic molecules consist of more than one carbon atom bonded together in a chain or ring structure.
Molecules with the same molecular formula but atoms in different arrangements are known as isomers.
Constitutional or structural isomers: molecules with the same molecular formula, but the atoms are bonded in a different sequence.
These molecules are constitutional isomers.
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6. UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
Isomers
Stereoisomers: molecules with the same molecular formula and sequence of atoms, but they differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms
diastereomer: stereoisomers based on the presence of a double bond
enantiomer: stereoisomers that are mirror-images of each other.
These molecules are diastereomers.
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8. Answer on the next slide
UNIT 1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
Learning Check
Are the following molecules isomers?
If so, what type of isomers are they?
Tips:
First, determine if the two structures have the same molecular formula.
Second, carefully look at how the atoms are bonded together. If they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are bonded together differently then they are constitutional isomers.
Third, if the atoms are bonded together in the same arrangement and there is a multiple bond, determine if the groups attached to the carbon atoms involved in the double bond are different so that cis and trans forms are possible.
Answer on the next slide
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9. Learning Check UNIT 1 Yes they are isomers.
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
Learning Check
Yes they are isomers.
They are stereoisomers, not constitutional isomers.
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10. Section 1.1 Review UNIT 1 Section 1.1
Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Section 1.1
Section 1.1 Review
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