Macromolecule Key concepts (Cheat sheet) Organic Chemistry Macromolecule Key concepts (Cheat sheet)

Macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers They fall into 4 types Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

IMAGES FROM Chem 2 Washington State University 1. Carbohydrates Serve as fuel and building material IMAGES FROM Chem 2 Washington State University

1. Carbohydrates Examples: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Glucose and Fructose Disaccharides Lactose and Sucrose Both function as Fuel; carbon sources that can be converted to other or combined into polymers

1. Carbohydrates Examples: Poly saccharides Cellulose (plants) – strengthens plants cell wall Starch (plants) – stores glucose for energy Glycogen (animals) – stores glucose for energy Chitin (animals and fungi) – strengthens exoskeleton and fungal cell walls

2. Lipids Are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Luman learning

2. (a) Lipids Triacylglycerol's (fats or oils) Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Function: Important energy source

2. (b) Lipids Phospholipids Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids Function: Lipid bilayers of membranes Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic heads

2.(c) Lipids Steroids Four fused rings with attached chemical groups Function: Component of cell membranes Signaling molecules that move through the body (hormones)

3. Proteins Include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

3. Proteins Examples Enzymes Structural proteins Storage proteins Transport proteins Hormones Receptor proteins Motor proteins Defensive proteins

3. Proteins Function Enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions) Structural proteins (provide support) Storage proteins (store amino acids) Transport proteins (transport substances) Hormones (coordinate response) Receptor proteins (receive signals from outside cell) Motor proteins (function in cell movement) Defensive proteins (protection against disease)

4. Nucleic Acids Store transmit, and help express hereditary information

4. Nucleic Acids Examples: DNA RNA Usually double stranded Sugar base – deoxyribose Nitrogenous base (A,T,C, and G) RNA Usually single stranded Sugar base – ribose Nitrogenous base (A,U,C, and G)

4. Nucleic Acids Function: DNA – stores hereditary information RNA – Various functions during gene expressions, including the carrying out DNA instructions to the ribosomes