5 kingdoms, nomenclature and dichotomous keys

Starter Recap Give definitions for these key words Taxonomy The study of the principles behind classification Classification The process of organising of living organisms into groups. Natural classification – grouping according to how closely organisms are related and reflects evolutionary relationships Phylogeny The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Learning Objectives Success criteria Define characteristics of the organisms in the 5 kingdoms Understand organisms nomenclature Using keys Success criteria Outline the characteristic features of the following five kingdoms: Prokaryotae , Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Outline the binomial system of nomenclature and the use of scientific (Latin) names for species Use a dichotomous key to identify a group of at least six plants, animals or microorganisms

PROKARYOTES 5 kingdoms Outline the key features of the 5 kingdoms, give some examples (Use the PDF in the folder as template)

Prokaryotes (Monera) Bacteria Single celled (<5mm) No membrane bound organelles e.g. nucleus, mitochondria

Fungi Eukaryote Mycelium and hyphae Saprophytic (they cause they decay of organic matter Chitin (polysaccharide) cell walls

Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophs (makes it’s own food) Cellulose cell walls

Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophs - get energy originally from plants

Protoctista Eukaryotic Single or multicellular Wide range of organisms Plant and animal like features Autotrophic and heterotrophic

Past Paper Question

Answers

Binomial System Originally started by Carl Linneaus Means ‘two names’ Unique (Latin) name e.g. Homo sapiens Genus and a species name Genus always starts with a capital letter Can be abbreviated to H. sapiens If printed the text should be in italics of handwritten the text is underlined

Binomial System: Why was it needed? Different common name around the country Different common name in different countries Translation of language or dialects may give different names Same common name may mean a different species in a different part of the world

Dichotomous keys In biology, a practical method used to identify species. The key is written so that identification is done in steps. At each step, features of the organism are used to identify which one of two routes through the rest of the key is appropriate to the organism being identified.

Dichotomous keys Design Principles: Each question divides the group of organisms into two smaller groups based on a pair of alternative characteristics Subsequent groups may focus on more minor detail In most cases the characteristic will be readily observed or measurable It is better to choose characteristics that are uninfluenced by environmental variation Shape and number are often good characteristics on which to base alternative pairings A complete key will have each type of organism being classified separated with a final identifying name.

Dichotomous keys Practices keys using PDF files in folder

Plenary Jan 2013 question 1