1. Classification of Living Organisms
Learning Outcome B1

2. Learning Outcome B1
Apply the Kingdom System of classification to study the diversity of organisms.

4. Student Achievement Indicators
Students who have fully met this learning outcome will be able to:
Explain how the following principles are used in taxonomy to classify organisms:
evolutionary relationships
biochemical relationship
homologous structures
embryological relationships
Compare characteristics of prokaryotic cells with those of eukaryotic cells

5. Student Achievement Indicators
Describe the unifying characteristic of organisms in each of the following kingdoms:
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Classify selected organisms using the following taxons: kingdom, phylum (sub-phylum), class, order, family, genus and species
Apply binomial nomenclature to name selected organisms

6. Taxonomy: Scientific Classification
The science of classifying organisms is taxonomy
Scientific classification refers to how biologists categorize extinct and living species
Carolus Linnaeus modelled modern classification by grouping species according to shared physical characteristics.
These groupings have been revised to improve consistency between Darwin’s principle of common decent.

7. Early Classification Systems
Aristotle ( BC)
Classified animals based on their means of transportation
Example – land, water or air
Jan Swammerdam ( )
A Dutch naturalist and microscopist; was among the first to recognize cells in animals and view red blood cells.

8. Early Classification Systems
Robert Hooke ( )
English scientist that observed the cellular structure of cork with an early microscope.
John Ray ( )
Was an English naturalist who worked on plant, animal and natural theology.
His classification of plants in “Historia Plantaruim” was an important step towards modern taxonomy.
He classified plants according to similarities

9. Early Classification Systems
Carolus Linnaeus ( )
A Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature.
He assigned names to plants and animals using a two part system known as binomial nomenclature
Each organism received a two part latin name (aka scientific name)
Example - Homo sapien
Common language for scientists
First name is genus and groups similar organism (capitalized)
Second part is the species
Two part name indicated similarities in anatomy, embryology and likely evolutionary ancestry

10. Carolus Linneus

11. Linnaeus System
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

12. Basis for Classification
Taxonomists use phylogenetic trees to show evolutionary relationships among biological groups.
All organisms are descendants of a common ancestor – the basic cell.
So all organisms, living or extinct are related to some degree.
Today scientists use fossil records and biochemistry to classify relationships between organisms.

13. Phylogenetic Tree

15. Basis for Classification
Dichotomous keys are used to identify organisms; these keys list specific observable traits.
For each trait the key list two contrasting traits.
See pg. 197
Extinction is the natural by product of evolution however the rate of extinction has significantly increased in the late decade

17. Five Kingdoms of Life This classification is constantly changing
Kingdom Monera
Includes bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Unicellular
Prokaryotic

18. Kingdom Monera

19. Kingdom Protista

20. Five Kingdoms of Life Kingdom Protista Includes algae and protozoa
Unicellular
Eukaryotic

21. Five Kingdoms of Life Kingdom Fungi
Includes mushrooms, yeast and bread molds
Unicellular and multicellular
Eukaryotic

22. Kingdom Fungi

23. Five Kingdoms of Life Kingdom Plantae
Includes seaweed, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
Multicellular
Eukaryotic

24. Kingdom Plantae

25. Five Kingdoms of Life Kingdom Animalia
Includes the sponges, worms, lobster, starfish, wolves and humans
See pg 198
Multicellular
Eukaryotic

26. Kingdom Animalia

27. Other Theory: Six Kingdoms of Life
A six kingdom system is often used.
An additional kingdom known as the Kingdom Archae, which includes ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments
The five kingdoms of living things are divided into two major groups: the prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
There is 1 kingdom of prokaryote, while there is 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a separate membrane bound nucleus, numerous mitochondria and other organelles
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

28. Kingdom Archae
Possible 6th kingdom. This pictures shows a type of bacteria that lives in extreme environments such as oceanic vents.
This type of bacteria is known as a halophile