Motivation and Emotion

Motivation Motivation An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal Psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior Human behavior is energized by many motives that may originate from the outside of us or inside of us

Motivation Name some things that motivate you We experience motivation in different ways because of: Instinct Drive-reduction Incentive Cognitive theories of motivation

Instinct Innate tendencies that determine behavior Psychologist William McDougall was the first to note the concept that humans are motivated by instinct Psychologist William James stated that humans have the instincts of: cleanliness, curiosity, parental, love, sociability, and sympathy.

Instinct Flaws with the instinct theory: They do not explain behavior, they label it It is still studied, but have began to focus on other theories to explain motivation

Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

Drive-Reduction Theory Need Biological or psychological requirement of an organism Drive A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment Proved that the drive-reduction theory wasn’t necessarily true The monkey spent more time with the cloth monkey for comfort and just enough time for getting food from the other

Incentive An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior People are motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives

Cognitive Theory Extrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives Intrinsic motivation- engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

Over-justification Effect When people are given extrinsic motivation needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines Book example: You enjoy reading –someone begins paying you to read You question whether you should read or not You stop getting paid, you might lose complete interest in the task

Biological and Social Motives Section 2 Biological and Social Motives

Biological Motives Biological needs are critical to our survival and physical well-being We have built in regulating systems Body temperature Blood sugar levels Production of hormones

Homeostasis The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

Hunger What motivates us to eat? Smell? Habit? Body requires food to grow, to repair itself, and store reserves Lateral hypothalamus- the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals Ventromedial- the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

Motivation-Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

Motivation-Hunger Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood provides the major source of energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel hunger

Motivation-Hunger Set Point Basal Metabolic Rate the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy expenditure

Motivation-Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Motivation-Hunger

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Motivation at Work Flow Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Motivation at Work Personnel Psychology Organizational Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development Organizational Psychology Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Motivation at Work

Motivation at Work Structured Interview Achievement Motivation process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales Achievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard

Motivation at Work Personnel psychologists’ tasks

Motivation at Work 360-degree feedback

Motivation at Work On the right path

Motivation Task Leadership Social Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Motivation Theory X Theory Y assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money workers should be directed from above Theory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst