Direct Causes of European Exploration Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other Which of the reasons listed above do you believe was the biggest motivating factor for European exploration? Why?

European Colonization Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. Spain England France Portugal What potential problems do you foresee as a result of this competition?

The Spanish Spanish first to pursue colonization Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of the part of North America Central America Caribbean Islands Much of South America.

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization European Colonial Empire Explorers Conquistadores European Colonial Empire Missionaries Permanent Settlers

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Spanish ancestry Creoles Spanish and Black mixture. Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture Mulattos White American and Black mixture Native Indians Black Slaves

Encomienda System 1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM “granted” to deserving subjects of the King 2. Conquistadors controlled Indian populations Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands Indians often rendered personal services as well. 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to protect his wards instruct them in the Christian faith defend their right to use and to live off the land 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population.

The Portuguese The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia….. Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil

The French French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America Develop a fur trade - Couier do Bois

The Dutch Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River New Netherland is an extension of the Dutch global trade system New Amsterdam established (New York City)

Famous Voyage of Exploration Explorer Nationality Lifespan Country Sailed For Famous Voyage of Exploration Christopher Columbus Italian 1451-1506 Spain Encountered New World-North America Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese 1480-1521 First voyage around the world Juan Ponce de Leon Spanish 1460-1521 First European explorer to set foot in Florida Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1475-1519 First famous European to see the Pacific Ocean from eastern shore Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1510-1554 First European to explore Southwest North America-Arizona and New Mexico Hernando de Soto 1500-1542 Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River. Amerigo Vespucci 1454-1512 Spain and Portugal America named after him Prince Henry the Navigator 1394-1460 Portugal Funded Exploration down coast of Africa Bartolomeu Dias 1457-1500 Voyage around Cape of Good Hope- Southern tip of South Africa Vasco da Gama 1469-1524 Discovery of ocean route from Portugal to East Pedro Álvares Cabral 1467-1520 Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal. Jacques Cartier French 1491-1557 France Led three expeditions to Canada Samuel de Champlain 1567-1635 Founder of Quebec City; “Father of Canada” Henry Hudson English 1565-1611 Dutch Discovered Hudson River and Settlers established New Netherlands John Cabot 1450-1499 Explored Canada; 2nd explorer after Columbus to encounter New World Sir Francis Drake 1540-1597 Circumnavigates the World Sir Walters Raleigh 1552-1618 Established Virginia colony of Roanoke Island; Discovered Guiana

Spanish Exploration Columbus Balboa Cortes Pizzaro De Leon De Soto Coronado Vespucci