KINGDOMS OF LIFE Taxonomy
TAXONOMY: the science of classification Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”) “Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”
Aristotle created: TWO KINGDOMS PLANTS ANIMALS Trees Shrubs Herbs In Water In the Air On Land
Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy 1707-1778
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Two word naming system Genus - first word Species - second word Describes a characteristic of the organism Latin is the language used (some Greek) (Also called “Linneaus’s system”)
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS 0RDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES “Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED: STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BREEDING BEHAVIOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA PHYLOGENY PHYLOGENY - EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY CLADISTICS - INHERITED TRAITS FROM ANCESTORS CLADISTICS MODE OF NUTRITION PROKARYOTEOR EUKARYOTE
Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands
Classification (6:12 minutes) 1. What is the challenge/problem facing taxonomist trying to classify an organism? 2. What was the rescuer used by taxonomists to solve the problem of classification of organisms?
THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE PLANTS ANIMALS FUNGI PROTISTS EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Reproduce asexually (binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation) Live in extreme habitats: 1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens) 2. Salty brines (Halophiles) 3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Binary fission and/or conjugation Some are: 1. Parasites 2. Saprophytes (saprobes) 3. Autotrophs Live everywhere
KINGDOM PROTISTA Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae) Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike Sexual and/or asexual reproduction Found in aquatic habitats
KINGDOM FUNGI Multicellular (most) Eukaryotes Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion) Cell walls (made of chitin) Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores Found in damp, dark environments
KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs/ photosynthesis Cell walls (made of cellulose) Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores Found on all types of land
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular Eukaryotes Ingestive heterotrophs Cell membranes Specialized cells Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm Found everywhere
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