BELLWORK: 4/19 If you had to join one civil rights group (SNCC, SCLC, NAACP, CORE, NOI) which would it be? Why? Compare and Contrast MLK Jr. and Malcolm X. THINKER: To what extent was nonviolence the best tactic for fighting segregation?

Civil Rights Groups & Leaders

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909-present) Their Civil Rights initiatives included political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by their legal team. Primarily fought against lynching and segregation of schools Bolstered by the Brown v. Board victory, the NAACP pushed for full desegregation throughout the South Advocacy helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965

SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957-1968) Formed by pastors in wake of bus boycotts; MLK was president (urban areas) Rooted in Christian beliefs and inspired by Gandhi Pacifist & integrationist Trained thousands of activists in nonviolent philosophy Filed lawsuits against governments who maintained segregated facilities, conducted voter registration drives, organized boycotts, fought against poverty through job programs (Poor People’s Campaign; 1968) Lost influence after MLK’s assassination & popularity of Black Nationalism.

SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960) Formed in midst of college lunch counter sit-ins Grass-roots student-led organization (led from bottom up; not top down like NAACP/SCLC) Faced direct KKK violence Leading force in voter registration in rural South (ignored by other groups & media) Used nonviolent resistance combined with less centralized leadership (became more radical later) Involved in campaigns regarding interstate transportation, public facilities and voting rights.

NOI Nation of Islam Founded in 1930 & led by Elijah Muhammad Emphasis on Africanism, racial separatism, Islamic law, self-reliance and self-governance Black Nationalism! (Popular in urban North) Educated African Americans (Originals) for the struggle to take back Earth and make it a peaceful paradise again Established private schools, protected mosques, traveled to spread ideology Advocated forceful self-defense Did NOT run campaigns for voting or integration Malcolm X was most famous member

Martin Luther King Jr.

MLK’s influence on the Civil Rights Movement Active in movement from 1954-1965 Spoke/marched to advance equal rights in Georgia, Alabama, D.C., Mississippi Montgomery Bus Boycott March on Washington Selma March Influence in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations

Malcolm X Member of NOI Racial solidarity & racial superiority (Pan-African) Favored self defense Believed white society was corrupt so African Americans needed to control their own education, politics & economy His speeches promoting self-reliance and faith dramatically increased NOI membership Influenced the Black Pride Movement Brought attention to the Northern urban ghettos Influenced a sense of pride in African identity

Compare and Contrast Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

The Black Power Movement Stokely Carmichael rose to leadership in SNCC and caused the group to become more radical. He was tired of nonviolent protest and wanted SNCC to be exclusively black, rejecting white activists. Carmichael’s idea of black power was a call to unite African Americans and build a sense of community.

The Black Panthers In 1966 political activists Bobby Seale and Huey Newton formed a new militant political party called The Black Panthers. The Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their own communities, demanded government help in rebuilding ghettos, and combated police brutality. They often found themselves in violent encounters with police. Led to a more serious split in the movement with radical groups (SNCC and Black Panthers) moving away from more moderate organizations (NAACP).

The Black Panthers The Panthers were very involved in their community. They focused on ending poverty and improving health in the ghettos. Also wanted to “serve the people” by creating Free Breakfast for Children Program, free medical clinics, first aide, free clothing, self defense, end of prostitution, and alcohol/drug rehabilitation.

The 1968 Mexico City Summer Olympics

HOMEWORK: due Friday! Read about the achievements and key laws passed as a result of the Civil Rights Movement Pages 172-178