The European Challenge .

In this chapter you will discover: About the ‘Age of Revolution’ What is meant by the ‘Industrial Revolution’ How the new ideas led to the ‘Age of Revolt’ and the rise of nationalism What is meant by the ‘Enlightenment’ How European states challenged the Ottoman Empire

What were the changing experienced by Europe, west and North America in 18th century?

Political change---the age of Revolt Social change---increase in population Economic change-----The industrial revolution

What was the Industrial Revolution? In the 18th century industrial revolution began in Britain and spread across Europe and North America---’The beginning of factory production’ The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines. New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene) Increased use of metals and minerals Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

The Industrial Revolution from this….. To this….

What do you think what were the reasons behind this change in Britain?

This cause and effect chart may clear your concept…….. Causes Effects Treasure stolen from the sub-continent End of the Battle of Plassey Wealth from India To make the Britain forceful Industrial Revolution began Helped British Businessmen and Investors to support British inventors and built Factories

Social Changes: Development and Growth of Cities London 18th century – 600,000 people Rich people lived in large houses Poor people were died because of disease and malnutrition Rural-to-urban migrants – people who left the countryside to live in cities A sign of an industrialized nation is that a large proportion of the population lives and works in urban areas

Development of the Domestic System of Production Domestic system developed in England Domestic system of production – “putting out” system Businesspeople delivered raw materials to workers’ homes Workers manufactured goods from these raw materials in their homes (typically articles of clothing) Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid workers wages based on number of items

Factory System Developed to replace the domestic system of production Faster method of production Workers concentrated in a set location Production anticipated demand For example: Under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them.

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” Steam Engines Iron Industry Coal as fuel

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” Coal mines Coal mines and iron work needed machines Industrial expansion continued……

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” As more steam-powered machines were built, factories needed more coal to create this steam Mining methods improved to meet the demand for more coal Notes: An excellent example of this phenomenon is the personal computer or cell phone. Cell phones were initially used by professionals who needed fast communications for business. The everyday usefulness of cell phones was quickly apparent, increasing demand. Cell phone towers were built around the globe, and cell phone technology continues to grow more complex. Have students compare the original “brick” cell phone to the iPhone. The process of inventing never ends One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

Agriculture and Industry The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories This is called rural-to-urban migration Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more crops Food to eat Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

End of the Indian cotton wealth…… In first half of 17 century Britain import cotton from north America and cotton cloths from India In second half of 17 century Britain had 3 spinning machines Britain made cloths were cheaper than Indian made cloths which results British began to sell British produced cotton in India and Indian workers found themselves out of work….

Review Questions What was the Industrial Revolution? Describe at least three developments of the Industrial Revolution. Compare domestic and factory methods of production. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? Explain why one invention or development leads to another.