Nationalism and Reform in Europe and North America Chapter 12 section3

Great Britain Great Britain was able to remain stable during most of the 19th Century due to….. Parliament passed a bill that increased the number of male voters New voters were members of the industrial middle class Britain was able to avoid revolutions and continued to make both social and political reforms Continuing economic growth Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria Reflected British national pride Longest reign in English history (1837-1901) Victorian Age: Represented a sense of duty and moral respectability

France After the Revolution of 1848, the French moved toward restoration of the monarchy President Louis-Napoleon returns asking for restoration of the empire Based on popular vote, or plebiscite 97% of the French people voted for restoration of the Empire Louis Napoleon became emperor Napoleon III in 1852

Napoleon III Napoleon the third’s reign as emperor was initially successful He modernized Paris He expanded the French Economy The second empire of France fell with the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war

The Austrian Empire The Hungarians had been a fierce nationalistic group in the Austrian Empire Rather than face continued revolution, the Empire was divided into two pieces The Austrian-Hungary Empire was created in the Compromise of 1867 Each part of the Empire had its own constitution and legislature, but they shared an Emperor

Russia Russia was still mostly rural at the beginning of the 19th century Seeing that Russia was way behind the other European powers, Czar Alexander II made serious reforms Emancipated the Serfs in 1861 Alienated the Serfs and the Russian nobles

Russia Alexander II attempted other reforms, but could please no one He was assassinated by Radicals in 1881 His son Alexander III turned back to old methods

Nationalism in the United States National unity had struggled within the United States 2 Factions developed: Federalists: Favored a strong central government Republicans: Favored a weak central government Slavery had become a threat national unity 1800: 1 million slaves in the U.S. 1860: 4 million slaves in the U.S.

The South The South’s economy depended solely on the production of cotton and slave labor Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin made it easier to clean cotton of its seeds, and increased cotton production The South is determined to maintain economy and slavery Abolitionism growing in the North Movement to end slavery, arose in North and challenged the Southern way of life

“the government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln elected as President “the government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”

The South Secedes December 20, 1860: South Carolina Secedes from the United States Followed by Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, & Arkansas eventually succeed The Confederate States of America were formed

The Civil War The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865 Over 600,000 soldiers died from battle or deadly diseases January 1, 1861: Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation Declared most slaves forever free April 9, 1865: Confederate army surrenders National unity had prevailed in the United States

Canada The Dominion of Canada emerged in 1867 British North America Act: Established the Dominion of Canada, with it’s own constitution Canada ruled itself but foreign policy remained in the hands of the British