CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS Key Figures

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SS.912.A.7.2 Compare the relative prosperity between different ethnic groups and social classes in the post-World War II period SS.912.A.7.3 Examine the changing status of women in the United States from post-World War II to present SS.912.A.7.5 Compare nonviolent and violent approaches utilized by groups (African Americans, women, Native Americans, Hispanics) to achieve civil rights SS.912.A.7.6 Assess key figures and organizations in shaping the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement S.912.A.7.7 Assess the building of coalitions between African Americans, whites, and other groups in achieving integration and equal rights SS.912.A.7.8 Analyze significant Supreme Court decisions relating to integration, busing, affirmative action, the rights of the accused, and reproductive rights SS.912.A.7.9 Examine the similarities of social movements (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protesters) of the 1960s and 1970s

The Activists Martin Luther King Jr.: Baptist minister and civil rights leader Organized nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations Gave famous "I Have a Dream" speech Nobel Peace Prize (1964). Assassinated in Memphis, TN

The Activists Rosa Parks: United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

The Activists Malcolm X: Renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage Converted to Nation of Islam in jail Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter His beliefs were the basis of the Black Power movement; advocated for a separate black society Eventually rejected the Anti- White message the Nation spread

The Activists Little Rock Nine: Nine black students enrolled at formerly all- white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called in the state National Guard to bar the black students’ entry into the school President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the “Little Rock Nine” into the school

The Activists The Greensboro Four: Series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, which led to the Woolworth department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation These sit-ins led to increased national attention and sympathy for the movement

The Activists Stokely Carmichael: Black leader who called for independence, self- reliance, and black nationalism Authored the book Black Power Condoned the use of violence to achieve revolution and independence and even envisioned splitting the United States into separate black and white countries

The Activists Huey P. Newton: African-American political activist and revolutionary who founded the Black Panther Party Earned a Ph.D. in social philosophy In 1989 he was shot and killed in Oakland, California

The Activists Gloria Steinem: American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist Became nationally recognized as a leader and a spokeswoman for the feminist movement

The Activists Cesar Chavez: Employed nonviolent means to bring attention to the plight of farmworkers Formed both the National Farm Workers Association, which later became United Farm Workers Led marches, called for boycotts and went on several hunger strikes

The Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower: 34th President of the United States Dispatched federal troops to oversee the integration of Central High School during the Little Rock crisis Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957

The Presidents John F. Kennedy: 35th President of the United States Signed Executive Order for Affirmative Action He had plans to push a stronger civil rights bill through Congress but was assassinated

The Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson: 36th President of the United States One of the civil rights movement’s greatest supporters Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act into law

The Judges Earl Warren: Supreme Court justice appointed by conservative president Dwight D. Eisenhower worked hard to get the Court to deliver a unanimous verdict in Brown v. Board of Education to overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine

The Judges Thurgood Marshall: Chief counsel for the NAACP Greatest achievement was convincing the Warren Court to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson in the Brown v. Board of Education Became the first African- American justice on the U.S. Supreme Court