Figure 2 The continuum of acute kidney injury (AKI),

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Figure 2 The continuum of acute kidney injury (AKI), acute kidney disease (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) Figure 2 | The continuum of acute kidney injury (AKI), acute kidney disease (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI, AKD and CKD can form a continuum whereby initial kidney injury can lead to persistent renal injury, eventually leading to CKD. AKI is defined as an abrupt decrease in kidney function occurring over 7 days or less, whereas CKD is defined by the persistence of kidney disease for a period of >90 days. AKD describes acute or subacute damage and/or loss of kidney function for a duration of between 7 and 90 days after exposure to an AKI initiating event. Recovery from AKI within 48 h of the initiating event typically heralds rapid reversal of AKI. For patients with pre-existing CKD, the AKI event can be superimposed on CKD, with AKD existing on a background of CKD. Patients who suffer AKD with pre-existing CKD are probably at high-risk of kidney disease progression. Modified from Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative 16; www.adqi.org. Modified from Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative 16; www.adqi.org. Chawla, L. S. et al. (2017) Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.2