Introduction EOCT Review guide page 1

1 Biology is the study of life.

2 1.) Need food. 2.) Reproduce 3.) Use energy 4.) Grow and develop 5.) Maintain Homeostasis 6.) Have DNA 7.) Adapt & Respond to stimuli 8.) Made of at least one cell.

3 Homeostasis is an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment. Example: When your temperature goes up, you sweat to cool yourself off. When you get cold, you shiver to warm up. Importance: Without being able to respond to changes in its internal environment, an organism would die.

4 1.) Observation 2.) Hypothesis 3.) Prediction 4.) Experiment 5.) Data Collection 6.) Conclusion

5 Independent variable: Dependent Variable: is the variable being tested. is the variable the experimenter makes different between the different groups. is also called the manipulated variable. Dependent Variable: Is what changes because of the independent variable. Is what is measured in the experiment. Is called the responding variable.

6 Qualitative data: Quantitative data: Involves characteristics/descriptions. Ex: The plant’s leaves changed from green to yellow-brown. Quantitative data: Involves numbers/calculations. Example: 25% of the plant’s leaves changed colors on the first day.

7 Chart Summarizes data in rows/columns Bar Graph Compares different data (magnitude) Line Graph Shows how data changes over time Circle Graph Shows how parts relate to the whole Flowchart Shows order of steps

8 Know these branches of biology.

Cells EOCT Review Guide pages 2-4 Domain I Cells EOCT Review Guide pages 2-4

1 A.) All living things are made of cells. B.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. C.) All cells come from existing cells.

2 Eukaryotes: Prokaryotes: Have a nucleus Have membrane-bound organelles E.R., Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria Some can be multicellular. Prokaryotes: No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles No E.R., No Golgi, No vesicles, No lysosomes, No mitochondria Only unicellular

3 The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of phospholipids and proteins.

3 continued…

4 Selectively Permiable: Only certain substances can cross the membrane and come into/go out of the cell. Substances that can cross freely: Water Amino acids Gases Sugars

5 A.) Receptor B.) Marker C.) Channel A protein that serves as a receiving point for cellular messages or signals. B.) Marker A protein that indicates the cell’s identity Important in immunity C.) Channel A protein that serves as a doorway into the cell for large or electrically charged molecules.

6 Nucleus Store & protect DNA; “control center of the cell.” EU Both Organelle Function Pro/Eu/Both Animal/Plant/Both Nucleus Store & protect DNA; “control center of the cell.” EU Both Nuclear Envelope Controls what can go into/out of the nucleus Ribosomes Make proteins Mitochondria Make ATP Chloroplast Make sugar Plants

6 continued E.R. Transport proteins from ribosome to golgi; make lipids EU Both Golgi Modify, package and ship proteins. Cell Membrane Controls what can go into/out of the cell Cell Wall Provides shape and external support to the cell. Plants Cytoplasm Contains building blocks for molecules

7 Active transport requires ATP energy. Passive does not require any energy.

8 Diffusion – Movement of particles from high concentration to low. Facilitated Diffusion – Diffusion of large molecules using channel proteins. Osmosis – Movement of water from high concentration to low. Endocytosis – Active transport that brings large molecules into the cell by engulfing the molecule. Exocytosis – Active transport that sends molecules out of the cell.

9 Picture 1 = Isotonic Picture 2 = Hypotonic Picture 3 = Hypertonic

10 Chemical reaction = results in new chemicals being formed. Physical reaction = changes the shape/structure of the molecules, but no new molecules are formed.

11 Reactants = on the left Products = on the right Example: CO2 + H20 + light  Sugar + O2 PRODUCTS REACTANTS

12 Endothermic = Exothermic = absorbs energy. Photosynthesis is endothermic. Exothermic = Releases energy Cell respiration is exothermic

13 Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.

14 Substrate: Molecule being changed by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

15 Active site

16 On board…

17 A.) pH changes B.) Temperature changes “Denature”: Can change the shape of the enzyme, resulting in it not functioning. B.) Temperature changes Cold: molecules move slower, so are less likely to encounter enzymes. Hot: changes shape of enzyme General rule: as the environment gets warmer, enzymes work faster. HOWEVER, too hot = denatured enzyme. “Denature”: Means: “Change the shape of an enzyme.”

18 Water has a slightly positive and slightly negative end. due to the unequal pull on the electrons by the molecules. Oxygen is “stronger” than hydrogen, so it can pull on the electron in the bond more. The electron is closer to the oxygen, so oxygen becomes negative and hydrogen becomes positive.

19 Your cells and the cells of all other organisms are made mostly of water. Water gives cells structure and transports substances within the organism. All cell processes take place in a watery environment.

21 C.) 0-6.9 D.) 7.1-14

22 Macromolecule Function Monomer Example Carbohydrate Provide energy Monosaccharide Glucose, sucrose, starch Lipid Store energy, provide insulation, make cell membranes No true monomer, but made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Phospholipid, waxes, oils, fats Protein Markers, channels, receptors, build bones and muscles, act as enzymes Amino acids Enzymes Nucleic Acid Store and transmit heredity; contain information for making proteins Nucleotide DNA & RNA