1. Modern Biology
Term 1/3
Review

2. This review is not comprehensive!!
Make sure you go over all of your learning targets.

3. Chapter 1 Characteristics of life Scientific Method
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Microscope techniques

4. What are the characteristics of life?

5. Biology Characteristics of Life Organization Cells Response to Stimuli
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Change Through Time
Biology
The study of life

6. What are the levels of organization?

7. Organization and Cells
ORGANELLE
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE
ATOM
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN

8. What is Homeostasis? What is Metabolism?

9. Homeostasis & Metabolism
The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.
The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

10. What is the Scientific Method?

11. Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation: the act of perceiving a natural occurrence
Forming a Hypothesis
A statement that explains observations and data and can be tested
Test Hypothesis
Experimenting -Control group vs Experimental group
Independent variable vs dependent variable
Record and Study Data
Write a conclusion
Hypothesis vs theory
Designing an Experiment:
control group: provides a normal standard against which to compare the results of the experimental group
experimental group: identical to the control group except for one factor, the independent variable
independent variable: manipulated variable
dependent variable: responding variable; it is affected by the independent variable

12. How do I determine the magnification of a microscope?

13. What’s my power?
To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective.
What are the powers of magnification for each of the objectives we have on our microscopes?

14. Chapter 2 Atoms Periodic Table of Elements
Enzymes and Activation Energy
Properties of Water

15. What is an atom and what 3 things make up an atom?

16. ATOMS
the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons
The electrons move about the nucleus at very high speeds in one of several different energy levels.

17. How do I use the Periodic Table?
I can determine the atomic number?
I can determine the number of protons?
I can determine the atomic mass?
I can determine the number of neutrons and electrons?
I can find the chemical symbol?

18. Periodic Table of the Elements2 He
Helium 4
Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus
Chemical symbol: consists of 1,2, or 3 letters and is usually derived from the name of the element
Atomic mass: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

19. What is Activation Energy?

20. Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed to make a reaction begin
Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed to make a reaction begin. Abbrev = Eact

21. What do cells use to reduce the activation energy?

22. Enzymes Made of protein biological catalysts
reduce the Eact to cellular temperatures
speeds the reaction to maintain life
Catalysts – reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction
Enzymes – type of catalyst

23. What is Polarity? What molecule is polar? Why?

24. POLARITY
In covalent bonds where the “sharing” is unequal (like in water). Because of this uneven pattern of charge, water is a polar compound.

25. Chapter 3
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

26. What are carbohydrates?

27. Carbohydrates
Simple sugars

28. What are lipids?

29. Lipids Are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
Examples: saturated fats, waxes, cholesterol, hormones
Lipids are made up of long CH2 or Carbon chains
This is how we store excess glucose

30. What are proteins?

31. Proteins
Long chains of amino acids

32. What are nucleic acids?

33. Nucleic Acids Are made up of nucleotides Examples are DNA and RNA
DNA is are genetic information and stores all of the instructions the cells needs to do its job
RNA help get the instructions to the cell

34. Chapter 4 The Discovery of Cells Organelles of a cell
Two basic types of cells – Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Relationships between size, shape, function, etc
Distinguish between plant and animal cells
Makeup of a multicellular organism – cells – tissues – organs – organ systems - organism

35. Who had great hair and who didn’t?

36. The History of Cell 1665 Created the first microscope
Robert Hooke
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
1665
Created the first microscope
Studied cork and saw “little boxes”
1673
Dutch trader, considered to be the father on microbiology
Made better lens

37. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
What are prokaryotic cells?
What are eukaryotic cells?
How are the same and how are they different?

38. Comparing Cells: Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

41. Plant and Animals Cells
What type of cell are plant and animals cells?
How are they different?

42. Comparing Cells: Plant to Animal Organelles unique to each
PLANTS
ANIMALS
plastids like chloroplasts
centrioles
cell wall
central vacuole

43. Why do cells stay small?

45. Chapter 5 Passive and active transport Diffusion and Osmosis
Hypo-, hyper-, and iso- tonic solutions
Endocytosis vs Exocytosis

46. What is Passive Transport? Give examples

47. “Passive Transport” Crossing cell membrane using NO energy. EXAMPLES
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through ion channels

48. Explain diffusion

49. Diffusion

50. Explain osmosis

51. Osmosis

52. Solutions What is an isotonic solution? What is a hypotonic solution?
What is a hypertonic solution?
What happens to plant and animals cells in each type of solution?

54. What is Active Transport? Give examples

55. Active Transport
Uses energy; against concentration gradient

56. What are endocytosis and exocytosis?

57. Endocytosis

58. Exocytosis

59. Chapter 6 The chemical equation
The role of chlorophyll & accessory pigments
The Light Reaction – roles of reactants and products
The Dark Reaction – roles of reactants and products
* The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration*

60. Obtaining Energy
What is an autotroph?
What is a hetertroph?

61. Gets energy indirectly
Obtaining Energy
Gets energy indirectly
Gets energy directly
AUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS
Heterotrophs
Get energy indirectly from food
Autotrophs
Organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds
Photosynthesis

62. Visible Spectrum
Pigments: compounds that absorb light. This subtracts them from the visible spectrum
Light can be reflected, transmitted or absorbed by the object
ROYGBIV

63. Why are plants green? Why do the leaves of trees change color in the fall?

64. Visible Spectrum Chlorophyll is a pigment
Reflects green
Absorbs blue and red
Carotenoids are accessory pigments
Absorb green
Enable plants to capture more energy

65. What does this reaction represent?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

66. The process of photosynthesis
I can describe what is happening during light reactions
I can describe what is happening during dark reactions

68. This is a complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships?11
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

69. Food Web 11
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

70. What type of consumer is shown?12

71. Carnivore 12

72. Indicates the organism’s position in a sequence of energy transfers13

73. Trophic Level 13

74. 4
What molecules make up ATP?

75. 4 What molecules make up ATP?
Adenosine (protein), 5-carbon sugar, and three phosphate groups

76. 3
What function does ATP have?

77. 3
What function does ATP have?
Provides energy for the cell