Subordinate Clauses (Pages 246 - 247) In Latin as in English a clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. A clause that expresses a complete thought is called an independent, or principal, clause; a clause that by itself does not have a complete meaning is called a dependent, or subordinate, clause. Two types of subordinate clauses: I. Adjective Clauses (modify nouns or pronouns) a. Relative Pronoun Clause II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions) a. Causal Clause b. Temporal Clause c. Conditional Clause d. Concessive Clause

I. Adjective Clauses (modify nouns or pronouns) a. Relative Pronoun Clause Introduced by the relative pronoun qui quae quod who, which Romani qui cum Poenis pugnaverunt audacissimi erant. The Romans, who fought with the Carthaginians, were very daring.

II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions) a. Causal Clause Introduced by quod because Illo tempore dictator delectus est quod cives periculum timebant. At that time a dictator was elected because the citizens feared the danger.

Review of the three uses of quod 1. quod = subordinate conjunction (quod) because Illo tempore dictator delectus est quod cives periculum timebant. At that time a dictator was elected because the citizens feared the danger. 2. quod = relative pronoun (qui quae quod) which, that Castra flumine quod per urbem fluebat munita sunt. The camp was fortified by a river which was flowing through the city. 3. quod = interrogative adjective (qui quae quod) which, what Quod oppidum ab hostibus munitum est? Which town was fortified by the enemy?

II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions) b. Temporal Clause Introduced by dum while, ubi when, postquam after. 1. Dum haec geruntur, Romani magnopere perterriti sunt. While these things were going on, the Romans were greatly terrified. 2. Poeni, ubi proelium cum Romanis commiserunt, facillimam victoriam exspectabant. The Carthaginians, when they began battle with the Romans, expected a very easy victory. 3. Poeni, postquam proelium cum Romanis commiserunt, non iam facilem victoriam exspectabant. The Carthaginians, after they began battle with the Romans, no longer expected an easy victory.

II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions) c. Conditional Clause Introduced by si if, nisi if not, unless. Si Sicilia vincetur, quid ages? If Sicily will be conquered (is conquered), what will you do?

II. Adverbial Clauses (modify verbs and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions) d. Concessive Clause Introduced by etsi although, even if. Romani, etsi multa proelia amiserunt, Poenos vicerunt. The Romans, although they lost many battles, conquered the Carthaginians.