Matter: Is anything that takes up space and has mass…You don’t even have to see it…even AIR is matter! Matter

Quick Review All matter is made up of tiny particles…atoms, molecules, ions. Always attracting to one another Always moving How fast they attract or move depends on what “state” the material is in: Solid Liquids Gas

Solids Solid is matter with a DEFINITE shape and volume; doesn’t change shape or size when put into something else DEMONSTRATION The particles in solids still move. They vibrate while maintaining the objects constant shape and volume

Crystalline Solids Some solids are arranged in a repeating, 3-D pattern called a Crystal Example: Sodium Chloride or Salt; Diamonds; Sugar, Sand, Snow The particles inside the crystal are arranged in the shape of a cube (salt) or like a pyramid (diamond)

Crystalline Solid

- Come together without forming crystals: rubber, plastic, glass Amorphous Solids - Come together without forming crystals: rubber, plastic, glass

Liquids Is matter that has definite volume but NOT definite shape It’ll take the shape of whatever you put it in, but the AMOUNT (volume) won’t change - DEMO The particles in liquids are a little more freedom, they glide past each other (has greater kinetic energy too)

Viscosity Not all liquids flow the same way…. Some liquids resist the Flow, while other flow easily, like water -> this is called viscosity Example: Honey = High Viscosity (it fights the good fight); Water = Low Viscosity (it doesn’t mind the flow)

Surface Tension Uneven forces action on the surface particles of a liquid Attractive forces cause the particles on the surface to pull themselves together and resist being pushed apart; particles at the surface experience different forces than the particles at the center of the liquid The surface tension causes the liquid to act as if a thin film were stretched across it’s surface

Gases

Gases Most are invisible; Is matter that does not have a definite shape or volume Particles are MUCH further apart; can move at HIGH speeds in all directions Can expand or be compressed

Two More to Go! Plasmas Super hot & excited atoms Bose-Einstein Condensate Super hot & excited atoms Similar to gases but it consists of ions, electrons and a nuclei which have lost their electrons Forms at temperatures higher than 5000 C Ex: Northern Lights, lightning, stars This is a BRAND new one! Super unexcited & super cold atoms (not even some trembling) When you get an object to even colder than freezing point (absolute zero); its atoms begin to clump together In this state the atoms actually become one blob!

Human-sized Review :o)

Changes in State: A Physical Change Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is absorbed or released (Thermal Energy -> total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a matter) A change in SIZE and SHAPE is a Physical Change Let’s take a look: DEMO

Changes in State Melting Freezing The change from the solid state to the liquid As ice is heated, it ABSORBS thermal energy and its temperature rises The temperature stops rising when the ice begins to change to a liquid Melting Point Water’s Melting Point The change from liquid state to solid As a liquid cools, it LOOSES thermal energy; the particles slow down and come closer together Attractive forces trap particles and the crystals of a solid begin to form Freezing Point Water’s Freezing Point

Changes in State Vaporization Condensation The change from a liquid to a gas As liquid water is heated it’s temperature rises til 100 C at this point it changes to water vapor The temperature of a substance does NOT change during vaporization The substance ABSORBED thermal energy Two Types: Boiling (below a liquid’s surface) or Evaporation (at the liquid’s surface) As a gas cools, its particles slow down ; their attraction brings them together -> droplets of water form As a gas condenses, thermal energy is RELEASED Temperature of the substance does NOT change (until the transformation is complete)

Sublimation: From solid straight to gas! Some solids can skip changing into a liquid and go straight to gas The surface particles of some substances can gain enough energy to just become a gas EX: Dry Ice (does not exist in liquid form)

Energy Transfers Ok, so atoms move and that = Kinetic Energy We discussed that the amount of kinetic energy (atom movement) depends on the state that the matter is in… Did you know that as matter changes from one state to another -> energy is transferred?? Thermal Energy -> total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a matter

Energy

It’s a Wrap! Visit http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_intro.html - Read the site and take the Quiz for Extra Credit!!! Due next class.