1. I. What is Energy? II. Types of Energy
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
II. Types of Energy
Electrical
Sound
Light
Chemical
Heat or Thermal
Mechanical
Nuclear

2. A. Kinetic Energy B. Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion
Particles with a lot of kinetic energy move fast and far apart
Particles with little kinetic energy move slow & close together
Particles with a lot of kinetic energy
B. Potential Energy
Potential Energy is the energy waiting to be used
It is the attractive force of gravity between Earth that gives objects potential energy
Molecules exert attractive forces on each other
Particles with little kinetic energy

3. How do mercury thermometers work?
C. Temperature
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in a substance
So… if it is hot more kinetic energy, if cold less kinetic energy.
How do mercury thermometers work?

4. Absolute zero Farenheit Celsius Kelvin
German physicist, Daniel Farenheit in 1724
Celsius
Anders Celsius in 1742
Kelvin
Lord Kelvin in 1848
Absolute zero
Sometimes the claim is made that at absolute zero all molecular motion stops. In fact, at absolute zero molecules still have vibrational energy known as zero point energy.

5. D. Word Problems
A students body temperature is 98.6 °F. What is the temperature in celsius? In Kelvin?
A temperature of 57 °C was recorded in Death Valley, California. What is this temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? In Kelvin?
°C= ( ) =37 °C
1.8
K = 37 °C = 310K
°F= 1.8 (57) =134.6 °F
K= 57 °C = 330K

6. III. Thermal Energy
The TOTAL (PE + KE) energy of all the particles in a sample of matter is called thermal energy.
When transferred, it always moves from warmer to cooler objects by
Conduction
Radiation
Convection

7. A. Heat Heat vs Thermal energy
The movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature is called heat.
3 ways to transfer:
Heat vs Thermal energy

8. Occurs rapidly and most easily in solids and liquids
1. Conduction
Transfer of thermal energy by direct contact
Occurs when the particles in a material collide with neighboring particles, but do not move!
Occurs rapidly and most easily in solids and liquids

9. 2. Radiation Transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves
Can travel through empty space, as well as matter

10. Convection Lab 3. Convection
Transfer of thermal energy by movement of atoms or molecules from one part of a material to the other
Water heats by convection, warm water on bottom is less dense than cooler water on top so it rises until all water in pot is same temperature
Convection Lab

11. B. Conductors C. Insulators
Any material that easily transfers thermal energy
Best conductors are gold and copper
C. Insulators
Any material in which thermal energy doesn’t flow easily
Liquids and gases are best insulators, especially air

12. Law of Conservation of Energy
The total amount of energy doesn’t change, it transfers from one form to the other.

13. State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Absorbing Releasing
thermal energy
Releasing
thermal energy
Gas
Liquid
Solid

14. State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Melting Absorbing Releasing
thermal energy
Releasing
thermal energy
Gas
Melting
Liquid
Solid

15. Melting
The change from the solid state to the liquid state is melting.
The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called the melting point.
Melting is when matter absorbs thermal energy, and its temperature rises.

16. State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Melting Freezing Absorbing
thermal energy
Releasing
thermal energy
Gas
Melting
Freezing
Liquid
Solid

17. Freezing
The change from the liquid state to the solid state is called freezing.
The temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid state to the solid state is called the freezing point.
Energy is released during freezing. .

18. State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Vaporization Melting Freezing
Absorbing
thermal energy
Releasing
thermal energy
Gas
Vaporization
Melting
Freezing
Liquid
Solid

19. Vaporization
The change from a liquid to a gas is known as vaporization.
The substance absorbs thermal energy.

20. Evaporation
Evaporation, which occurs at temperatures below the boiling point, explains how puddles dry up.
It takes more than speed for water molecules to escape the liquid state.

21. State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Condensation Vaporization
Absorbing
thermal energy
Releasing
thermal energy
Gas
Condensation
Vaporization
Melting
Freezing
Liquid
Solid

22. Condensation As a gas cools, its particles slow down.
When particles move slowly enough for their attractions to bring them together, droplets of liquid form.

23. State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Condensation Sublimation
Absorbing
thermal energy
Releasing
thermal energy
Gas
Condensation
Sublimation
Vaporization
Melting
Freezing
Liquid
Solid

24. Sublimation
Some substances can change from the solid state to the gas state without ever becoming a liquid.
During this process, known as sublimation, the surface particles of the solid gain enough energy to become a gas.
Picture from