Classification of Living Things Taxonomy Video

All Living Things… Are classified by certain characteristics Are put into categories based on similarities and relationships to other living things Have a certain DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, and SPECIES that they belong to!

Did you know… That 1,600,000 species have been classified so far? That at least 1,000,000 of these are insects? That it is believed that MANY others exist and just haven’t been discovered yet?

Why should we classify organisms?

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

Why should we classify organisms? Taxonomy: (Classification) The scientific discipline where scientists classify organisms and group them in a logical manner.

WHY CLASSIFY? To name organisms and group them in a logical manner Ask students: What characteristics do these organisms have that might lead scientists to group them together? What differences do they have that distinguish one from the other?

Modern Taxonomy Carolus von Linnaeus: Developed the basis for our modern classification system. “Father of Taxonomy”

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote There are two domains: Eukaryote- Nucleus (you are an eukaryote) Prokaryote- NO nucleus (bacteria)

Peptidoglycan cell wall Eukaryote Cell wall of cellulose multi auto none hetero Prokaryote Archaea Cell wall Many types uni both Methanobacteria prokaryote Peptidoglycan cell wall E. coli eukaryote Cell wall of chitin Hetero (Saprophyte) Lichen, yeast, mushrooms Pectin or none Most uni Algae, diatoms, amoebas

Most General (Most Inclusive) Most Specific (Least Inclusive) Levels of Taxonomy Most General (Most Inclusive) Memory Mneumonic Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primata Family Homindae Genus Homo Species Sapien Most Specific (Least Inclusive)

Classification of Ursus arctos (Grizzly Bear) Section 18-1 Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

Assigning Scientific Names Binomial Nomenclature - a two-word naming system Why? To eliminate the confusion that arises when people use common names

Why a Scientific Name? Using common names is confusing because many organisms may have several different common names… A COUGAR is also known as the mountain lion, puma, cougar OR Felis concolor

Binomial Nomenclature Two Part Scientific Name. Always written in italics. First word is capitalized and the second word is lowercased First Part = Genus Second Part = species Examples: Lepus arcticus (Arctic Hare) Ursus arctos (Grizzly Bear) Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear) Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Panda Bear)

Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related?

Classification of Ursus arctos (Grizzly Bear) Section 18-1 Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section: Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the same species?

Dichotomous Key (Biological Key) A tool to help identify unfamiliar organisms by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the species. At each step of the process, the user is given two choices; each choice leads to another question until the species is identified.

Dichotomous Key

Dichotomous Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Step 1 If fish shape is long and skinny then go to step 2 If fish shape is not long and skinny, then go to step 3 Step 2 If fish has pointed fins, it is a trumpet fish If fish has smooth fins, it is a spotted moray eel Step 3 If fish has both eyes on top of the head, then go to step 4 If fish has one eye on each side of the head, then go to step 5 Step 4 If fish has long whip-like tail, it is a spotted eagle ray If fish has short, blunt tail, it is a peacock flounder Step 5 If fish has spots, then go to step 6 If fish does not have spots, then go to step 7 Step 6 If fish has chin "whiskers," it is a spotted goat fish If fish does not have chin "whiskers," it is a band-tail puffer Step 7 If fish has stripes, then go to step 8 If fish does not have stripes, it is a glassy sweeper Step 8 If fish has a v-shaped tail, it is a squirrel fish If fish has a blunt tail, it is a glass-eye snapper

Cladograms Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Phylogeny! Building “family” trees Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

Making a cladogram Place the derived character that ALL the organisms show at the very beginning. Place the organisms AFTER the derived characters that they show.

CLADOGRAM Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish salamander Lizard Pigeon Mouse Monkey Fur & Mammary Glands

Reading a CLADOGRAM The characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits) When the derived character appears above an organism, the organism lacks that derived character When the derived character appears below the organism, the organism possesses that derived character

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Besides physical characteristics, Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of: Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms Cladogram: diagrams used to show the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms Phylogenetic Tree:“tree” showing evolutionary relationship

Bell Ringer: What is the scientific discipline where scientists classify organisms and group them in a logical manner? Who was the “Father of Taxonomy”? List the levels of Taxonomy from Most General to Most Specific. What is a tool to help identify unfamiliar organisms by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the species?