1. Classification & Taxonomy

2. What do YOU call this animal?

3. Basic Definitions
Classificationthe grouping of objects/information based on similarities
Taxonomythe branch of biology concerned w/grouping & naming organisms

4. Early Naming Systems Based on edible or toxic Aristotle – 300 B.C.
plants vs. animals (size/location)
Carolus Linnaeus ’s
based on body structures
Still used today

5. Binomial Nomenclature
Genussmall group closely related organisms
speciesdescribes an important characteristic of the organism
G + S  Scientific name
Humans?

6. Examples Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos Genus-Ursus = bear
Species-maritimus = sea
Species-arctos = great northern/grizzly

7. Scientific Names Reduces confusion caused by common/local names
Scientific committee -consistency & preserves one of each species
Latin – dead language (words don’t change meaning) & basis for other languages

8. Why taxonomy? In USA & England - house sparrow In Spain - gorrion
In Holland – musch
In Sweden – hussparf
Scientific Name - Passer domesticus

9. Rules for writing Scientific Names
First letter of genus - ALWAYS capitalized
First letter of species - NEVER capitalized
Scientific names are italicized (if typed) or underlined (if hand written)

10. Which of these are written correctly?
Viola tricolor (pansy with 3-colored flower)
Quercus phellos (Willow Oak)
Nymphaea ordata (fragrant water lily)
Clostridium Botulinum (bacteria that causes a form of food poisoning)
homo sapiens

11. 4 Rules for assigning scientific names
All scientific names must be in Latin.
Two different organisms cannot be assigned the same scientific name.

12. Rules continued…
For each member of the same genus, the species name must be different.
Organisms in different genera will NOT have the same genus name, BUT can have same species name.

13. Domains (3)
Family
Genus
species
Kingdom (6)
Phylum
Order
Class

14. Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos

15. Linnaean System of Classification
Each level is called a taxa
Smallest, most specific taxon is the species

16. Example
House cat(Felis domesticus) & the mountain lion (Felis concolor)
Lions placed in a separate genus, Panthera leo

17. Groups of similar genera are put into the same family.
Ex: All genera with cat-like characteristics are put in the family of Felidae.

18. Families of similar organisms are placed in the same order.
Ex: Cats are in the same order as dogs—Carnivora—they are all meat eaters.

19. Similar orders are grouped into the same class.
All warm-blooded animals that have body hair and produce milk for their young are in the class Mammalia.

20. Similar classes are grouped into the same phylum. (Plants – divisions)
Mammals are placed in the same phyla as reptiles and fishes-Chordata.
Phylum Chordata

21. Kingdom Animalia
Similar phyla are grouped into the same kingdom.
6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

23. In review… Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Did
Philip
Come
Over
For
Good
spaghetti Do
Kings
Play
Chess On
Fuzzy
Green
stools

24. Turn and Talk
Tell your partner the Linnaeus hierarchal system of classification. Include all seven levels, from largest or most inclusive to smallest, least inclusive.
Take turns

25. CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False
1) Biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
TRUE

26. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice
The science that specializes in the classification of organisms is
anatomy
taxonomy
botany
paleontology

27. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice
The science that specializes in the classification of organisms is
anatomy
taxonomy
botany
paleontology

28. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice
The largest most inclusive of Linnaeus’s taxonomic categories is the
kingdom
phylum
order
species

29. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice
The largest most inclusive of Linnaeus’s taxonomic categories is the
kingdom
phylum
order
species

30. Importance of Taxonomy
Drugs for diseases
Invasive & toxic organisms
Earth friendly cleaning products

31. The Tree of Life has been updated since Linnaeus’s time
Scientists now classify organisms into an even broader category, called the domain, above the kingdom level

32. 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERIA

33. Classification Today
Evolutionary classification, not just physical characteristics.
Relationships determined by structure, development, biochemistry, and behavior.
Phylogeny - the evolutionary history of a species; can be illustrated on a cladogram or phylogenic tree

34. Reading a cladogram/phylogeny
Each branch represents an evolutionary lineage
Implied in the x direction is some sort of evolutionary distance from each other and implied in the y direction is relative time
Intersecting lines represent a speciation event

35. Practice Problems

36. Your turn

37. 3 Domains

38. Cladogram – shows evolutionary relationships

40. Let’s make one!

42. 3 Domains DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN BACTERIA Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERIA

43. Dichotomous Key
Set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
Used to identify organisms