The French First Army, together with the British First, Third, and Fourth Armies were advancing from south of the Selle Canal along a thirty mile front. Together with the American forces breaking out of the forests of Argonne this would disrupt the German efforts to reform a shortened defensive line.

Second Battle of the Sambre From this point, the northern Allies advanced relentlessly, sometimes more than five miles a day, until the Armistice of November 11. German defenses crumbled in the advance.

The Armistice Defined- Halt in hostilities to allow for peace negotiations

Armistice On October 6, 1918 the German government sent President Wilson a dispatch requesting an armistice based on his 14 points.

Wilson’s 14 Points I Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.

Wilson’s 14 Points III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.

Wilson’s 14 Points V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

Wilson’s 14 Points VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia... The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests…

Wilson’s 14 Points VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored... VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine…

Wilson’s 14 Points IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy… X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.

Wilson’s 14 Points XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea… XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development…

Wilson’s 14 Points XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations… XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence…

Armistice Wilson Asked that the Kaiser Wilhelm step down from power.

Kaiser The Kaiser put himself in exile from Germany and lived in the Netherlands until his death in 1941 By going into exile he probably saved himself from execution.

Casualties % of Mobilized Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % of Mobilized Allied Powers   Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3 France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1 United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2 Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2 Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0 Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3

Casualties % of Mobilized Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % of Mobilized Central Powers   Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2 Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2 Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4 Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

Statistics What was not in the statistics of those wounded or killed is the carnage after the war Those soldiers who suffered from Psychological abnormalities, drug addiction, alcoholism, PTSD Breathing problems from gas attacks

Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18 United States $22,625,253,000 Great Britain $35,334,012,000 France $24,265,583,000 Russia $22,293,950,000 Italy $12,413,998,000 Total with Other countries $125,690,477,000

Central Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18 Germany $37,775,000,000 Austria-Hungary $20,622,960,000 Turkey $1,430,000,000 Bulgaria $815,200,000 Total of all Costs $60,643,160,000

Gas Casualties: 1914-18 Country Non-Fatal Deaths Total Britain 180,597 8,109 188,706 France 182,000 8,000 190,000 United States 71,345 1,462 72,807 Italy 55,373 4,627 60,000 Russia 419,340 56,000 475,340

Gas Casualties: 1914-18 Country Non-Fatal Deaths Total Germany 191,000 9,000 200,000 Aust-Hung 97,000 3,000 100,000

Do wars end when the fighting stops? Why or why not?