1. The USA and the “War to End All Wars”

2. American Reactions to the Outbreak “Again and ever, I thank Heaven for the Atlantic Ocean” – US Ambassador to Britain, Walter Hines Page, July 29, 1914 describing “The Great Smash”

3. American outrage at atrocities Who is to blame? How should the US react?

4. Neutrality What did the term mean? Equal impact on all sides? No impact on the war at all? Total US freedom of action?

5. The Germans are killing people. The British are merely inconveniencing them – Wilson on the two blockade strategies.

6. The Rivals Woodrow Wilson Born 1856 Governor (NJ): 1911-1913 President: 1913-1921 Died: 1921 (stroke in 1919) Theodore Roosevelt Born 1858 Governor (NY): 1899-1901 President: 1901-1909 Died: 1919

7. Roosevelt’s Critiques Neutrality is “utter folly” akin to disarming the NYPD to fight crime in Central Park US policy should be “righteousness backed by force.” Wilson’s policy is “object cowardice and weakness.” Plattsburg Camps

9. Germany and USW Wilson supported a “peace without victory” “A War to End All Wars” “Make the World Safe for Democracy” Use the American Army to solve Europe’s problems through reason and morality Roosevelt sought to use US military might to punish Germany Use the war to make America a world power Roosevelt wanted to lead a division personally All of his sons fought, one was killed

10. The American Army? Smaller than Romania’s Equipment, doctrine, knowledge of European war all badly out of date “I watched them leave and wondered how they could possibly do any good” – Elizabeth Coles Marshall.

11. The American Army? Volunteers, National Guard, or Draftees? Combination of systems An army drafted from a nation that had volunteered en masse “Channeled manpower”

12. Second Marne Amiens St. Mihiel Argonne Forest

13. Meuse-Argonne Then the largest battle ever fought by American forces 27,000 Americans killed and 95,000 wounded, plus thousands of “stragglers” Views on an armistice and Pershing’s plans for 1919

14. The Paris Peace Conference: 19 January to 28 June 1919

15. Wilson and the USA Elections of 1918 – Irreconcilables – Sen. Lodge 14 Points – Should they guide the conference? Can they? – Contradictions? “God Himself only gave mankind ten, and we soon learned how to break those” – Georges Clemenceau

16. I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at. II. Absolute freedom of navigation III. The removal of all economic barriers IV. national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, should be righted. Fourteen Points (abridged)

17. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. XI. The relations of the several Balkan states to one another [should be] determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality. XII. The nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

18. Impacts Isolationism vs. internationalism Home front impacts – Great migration – 100% Americanism – Growth of government influence Birth of modern American foreign policy