Needed to make some alliances/gain some alliances Revolutions Continue As Simon Bolivar was mobilizing volunteer forces to root out Spanish soldiers in Venezuela, another revolutionary leader was at work in Argentina Jose de San Martin, a creole soldier born in Argentina in 1778, defended Argentina from Spanish forces in Chile Had initially served in Spain as an officer; left when his fortunes changed and heard that Argentina declared independence in 1816 1817 - San Martin led his soldiers into Chile - Defeated the remaining Spanish forces in the country, and Secured the independence for Argentina and Chile San Martin saw that the last major Spanish stronghold was in Lima, Peru; he didn’t have enough soldiers to take the city however Needed to make some alliances/gain some alliances

Revolutions Continue San Martin and Bolivar meet in Guayaquil, Ecuador to discuss tactics in taking Peru from royalist/Spanish forces San Martin offered to serve under Bolivar as a military officer; offer was refused, so San Martin resigned from the campaign – allowed Bolivar to have unchallenged command of their combined forces Bolivar’s army, with the combined forces of both generals, defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1822 – was the last major battle of revolutionary forces in Latin America against the Spaniards San Martin, unwilling to insert himself in the forefront of state building in the newly independent countries, goes to Europe instead Bolivar combines Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador into one huge territory; Gran Colombia

The Mexican Revolution Movement for independence in Mexico was different compared to Venezuela and Argentina – Creoles led those revolutions In Mexico, the Mestizos led the revolution In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest in the village of Dolores, Mexico, gave his “The Cry of Dolores” speech Called on his 300 churchgoers to rise up against the false Spanish king (Joseph via Napoleon) He was a proponent of Enlightenment ideals; felt that Mestizos and Native Americans had been disenfranchised under the rule of the Peninsulares Who had kicked/taken power from the Spanish viceroyalty when the Spanish king was deposed by Napoleon

The Mexican Revolution (Cont.) Indians and Mestizos are drawn Hidalgo’s message and come under his leadership; the creoles had mixed reactions (possibly ferment rebellion against the creoles Hidalgo led an army of 80,000 undisciplined Mestizos/Indians to march on Mexico City to secure more rights for the commoners The Spanish army and Creoles feared the uprising; defeated Hidalgo’s army and had him executed via firing squad They feared that that they would lose their land, wealth, and lives The Rebels rally behind Padre Jose Maria Morelos, a contemporary of Hidalgo

The Mexican Revolution (Cont.) Morelos leads the rebellion for 4 years until he is defeated by a creole officer, Agustin de Iturbide – was also killed via firing squad Revolutionary elements are put on hold until 1820 – A liberal group took power in Spain (Trienio Liberal – overthrew the Spanish king) Creoles were afraid they would lose their land, wealth, etc. with the new group in charge; they decided to declare independence from Spain They rallied behind Iturbide – officially declared independence for Mexico in 1821.