Domain 2 USH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics, include the slave rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Grimke sisters). Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology, including the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism. Describe war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso, Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.

Learning Targets Explain how the growing differences between the North and South affected western migration and the view of states rights. Describe why the compromises of the 19th century postponed the Civil War

Slavery as a growing issue Is it right? Is it wrong? Who gets to decide? What happens when new states want to enter the union? Should they be banned as slave states? Should they be allowed as slave states? Does one state have the right to tell another what they can do?

Tensions over slavery

Slavery as a way of life Only 1 out of 4 males owned slaves in the south Most owned only 1-2 slaves Plantation owners Less than 1% of population Wealthy Controlled southern legislatures Represented south in Congress Some of the largest fortunes in the country Substinense Farmers Landowners 1-2 house slaves Poor landless whites Vast majority of population No slaves

Why slavery? Most Southerners objected to abolitionism Necessary for economy Social superiority of races Taking care of and Christianizing “savage” Africans

Wilmot Proviso After Mexican-American War Should slavery be allowed in new states? Mexico had not allowed slavery… should the US? Wilmot Proviso proposed banning slavery in new Southwest territory. Senate voted it down Based on their vote on the Wilmot Proviso, how willing is Congress to take a permanent position on the issue of slavery in the West?

Rise of Abolitionism Eradication of slavery Not widely supported in North Radicals, unwilling to compromise Feared labor competition in north from freed slaves 1836 House of Representatives passed “gag resolution” on issue of slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison Newspaper publisher 1831 – The Liberator Radical, called for immediate emancipation of slaves So outspoken South issued warrants and bounties for his arrest!

Frederick Douglass Escaped slave Great orator (speaker) Disproved theory that slaves were inferior species 1845 wrote Narrative in the Life of Frederick Douglass Major influence for the abolition movement "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong."

Grimké sisters Quakers Grew up in S. Carolina on a plantation Abolitionists after seeing treatment of slaves on their family plantation Supporters of women’s suffrage when ridiculed as abolitionists

Rebellions!

Nat Turner’s Rebellion Virginia slave 1831 - Led revolt of 50 slaves against several plantations Believed solar eclipse was evidence of a heaven-sent mission Killed 60 whites before capture and ultimately executed Restrictions on slaves would become more harsh

Nat Turner--1831

Compromises

Missouri Compromise (1820) Background: Missouri want to become state Met all requirements House of Representatives denied Would upset balance between slave (11) and free states (11) Solution: Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted same time as free state Slavery banned north of 36° 30’ parallel west of Mississippi river

Missouri Compromise Did the Missouri Compromise create a final solution to the political problem of slavery? No! Saved union (for now!) North and South liked because each got something in compromise

Compromise of 1850 Congress started to realize the nation was threatened by the growing sectionalism over the issue of slavery They looked for a compromise to rebuild nationalism and restore calm The people of the NM territory could vote themselves on the issue of slavery California would be a free state The slave trade in Washington DC would stop Fugitive slaves had to be returned, failure by a citizen to do so could result in fine or jail Which of these pieces was good for the North? Which of these was good for the South?

Compromise of 1850 California wanted statehood (free state) Upset balance between slave and free states Compromise: California enter as slave state Popular sovereignty (vote) decide slavery issue in rest of western territories Slave trade abolished in Washington D.C. (not actual slavery though) Fugitive Slave Law passed Northerners must return fugitive slaves to south of face jail/fines

Significance More free than slave states Pattern against expansion of slavery in west Avoid war – gave North time to develop industrially

Were these real, lasting solutions? More like band-aids on a gaping wound. Works for now What happens when band-aid doesn’t work anymore?

States Rights

Nullification Crisis (1832) Background: Tariff of 1828 passed Tax (50%!) on imported goods (Tariff of abominations) North liked – protected industries South hated – hurt trade with Britian VP John Calhoun secretly encouraged S. Carolina to nullify law Argued states have more power than Feds b/c created federal government Can nullify (cancel) any federal law believed unconstitutional

Tariff of 1832 passed (much lower) S. Carolina despised Nullified tax Threatened to secede if President Jackson tried to enforce Jackson passed Nullification Proclamation Denied states rights to nullify federal laws Great Compromise Compromise Tariff of 1833 Reduced tariff rates over next 10 years

What problem and debate did the nullification crisis lead to?

Describe how the era of Jacksonian Democracy gave birth to an era of social reforms. What is reform and what does it mean? What types of things need to be reformed in this school, state, country, world? How would you go about getting these things changed.