Period 3 The Big Picture

Regional and Transregional Interactions 600 C.E. to 1450 Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expand3ed the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. What are some examples of trade routes? What are some new cities that popped up due to new trade? Luxury goods, caravan organizations, compass, astrolabe, new forms of credit, etc.

Government and trade State practices Trading organizations, and Grand Canal Expansion of Empires

The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it. Scandinavian Vikings Arabs and Berbers (Spread Turkic and Arabic languages) Central Asian pastoral groups Migrations – Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa (spread Swahili) Maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted food and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffus8ion of languages through a new region or the emergence of new languages.

Crops and Pathogens Epidemic diseases followed the trade routes and military conquests The Black Death New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas Bananas in Africa New rice varieties in East Asia The spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin

Continuity and Innovation of State forms and their interactions Preserving and reviving imperial structures New – The Caliphate Empires collapsed (Rome) and were reconstituted or new states emerged from the ashes. Byzantine Empire Sui, Tang and Song Innovations in state craft: Taxation Tributary systems Adaptation of religious institutions Power came from: Patriarchy Religion Land-owning elites

New forms of governance Pt 1 Islamic states (Abbasids, Muslim Iberia, Delhi Sultanates) Mongol Khanates City-states Italian peninsula East Africa Southeast Asia Americas Feudalism in Europe and Japan

New Forms of Governance Pt. 2 State systems expanded in scope and reach Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region Imperial systems were created by the Mexica (Aztecs) and Inca. Synthesized local and borrowed traditions Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states Chinese traditions that influenced states in Japan

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged technological and cultural transfers Quiz time! What was transferred between these groups? Tang China and Abbasids Mongol empires The Crusades

Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. Foreign luxury goods = crops moved to other regions Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains Iron and steel from China Agricultural technology Champa rice Chinampa field systems Waru waru (Andean) Terracing techniques Horse collar

The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks Urban revival End of invasions Availability of safe and reliable transport Rise of commerce and warmer temps (800-1300) More labor! Declines of urban areas Invasions Disease Agricultural productivity Little Ice Age

Labor organizations Free peasant agriculture Nomadic pastoralism Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. Labor organizations Free peasant agriculture Nomadic pastoralism Craft production and guild organization Various forms of coerced and un-free labor Government-imposed labor taxes Military obligations

Changes in social structure Class and caste still Patriarchy persisted Women get more rights (Mongols, West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia) Mit’a of the Incas Free peasant revolts China Byzantine Empire