1. Big Idea 1: Although Afro–Eurasia and the Americas remained separate from one another, this era witnessed a deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions. The results were unprecedented concentrations of wealth and the intensification of cross-cultural exchanges. Innovations in transportation, state policies, and mercantile practices contributed to the expansion and development of commercial networks, which in turn served as conduits for cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. Pastoral or nomadic groups played a key role in creating and sustaining these networks. Expanding networks fostered greater interregional exchanges while at the same time sustaining regional diversity. Islam, a new monotheistic religion, spread quickly through practices of trade, warfare, and the diffusion that was characteristic of this period.

2. 1) Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trade cities. Name the three major Eurasian trade routes.

3. 2) Name a communication & exchange network that developed in the Americas.

4. 3) Trade allowed some states to rise to power during Era 3
3) Trade allowed some states to rise to power during Era 3. Name one from West Africa and one from Southeast Asia.

5. 4) New transportation and commercial technologies aided trade
4) New transportation and commercial technologies aided trade. Identify an example.

6. 5) New forms of credit or money economies aided in trade
5) New forms of credit or money economies aided in trade. Identify one of these innovations.

7. 6) States often facilitated commercial (trade/business) growth
6) States often facilitated commercial (trade/business) growth. Identify an example of this.

8. 7) The expansion and intensification of long distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to the environment. Identify an example of this.

9. 8) Some migrations had a significant environmental impact
8) Some migrations had a significant environmental impact. How did the Bantu migrations affect the environment of sub-Sahran Africa?

10. 9) Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages. Identify two of these languages.

11. 10) In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. Identify two diasporic communities.

12. 11) As exchange networks intensified, an increased number of travelers within Afro–Eurasia wrote about their travels. Identify two of these travelers.

13. 12) Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations. Identify three examples of this.

14. 13) There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases, along trade routes. Identify two examples.

15. Big Idea 2: State formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions. In Afro–Eurasia, some states attempted, with differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept—the caliphate—to Afro–Eurasian statecraft. Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region.

16. 14) Following the collapses of empires, imperial states were reconstituted (or reformed/remade) in some regions. Name an east Asian empire that was reconstituted.

17. 15) The reconstituted empires (mentioned in the previous question) used both traditional sources of power/legitimacy as well as innovative sources of power/legitimacy. Provide an example of each.

18. 16) In some places, new political entities (states) emerged
16) In some places, new political entities (states) emerged. Identify four.

19. 17) Some states synthesized local with foreign traditions
17) Some states synthesized local with foreign traditions. What foreign culture heavily influenced the Islamic states? What culture heavily influenced Japan?

20. 18) In the Americas, as in Afro–Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach; networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the _________ and __________.

21. 19) Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. Identify an example for each of the following regions:
Mediterannean in the Crusades – Who was this between?
An empire that covered much of Eurasia. What empire was that?
The Abbasids from an East Asian source. What was that source?
The Chinese in the Indian Ocean basin. Who led the voyages?
Where did Europe gain much of its medical knowledge from?
Spain. Where did this influence come from?

22. Big Idea 3: Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes. Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry. Rising productivity supported population growth and urbanization but also strained environmental resources and at times caused dramatic demographic swings. Shifts in production and the increased volume of trade also stimulated new labor practices, including adaptation of existing patterns of free and coerced labor. Social and gender structures evolved in response to these changes.

23. 20) Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. Identify each of the following examples:
The chinampa field systems
• Waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas
• Improved terracing techniques
• The horse collar
• Three field rotation
• Swamp draining

24. 21) Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro–Eurasia
21) Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro–Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of ________ and _________ expanded in China.

25. 22) Multiple factors contributed to the decline of urban areas in this period. Identify two.

26. 23)Multiple factors contributed to urban revival. Identify three.

27. 24) The diversification of labor organization that began with settled agriculture continued in this period. Identify three different forms of labor used in Era 3.

28. 25) As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy continued; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence. Identify three regions where this happened.

29. 26) New forms of coerced labor appeared
26) New forms of coerced labor appeared. Identify a new form of coerced labor for:
Europe/Japan:

30. 27) The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased. Identify two regions where this occurred.

31. 28) Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism were adopted in new regions and often caused significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
What was now available for both men and women in some Muslim states?
What restricting practice occurred in Song China?
What opportunity did both Christianity and Buddhism provide women?