1. Period 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 C. E. to c
Period 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c C.E.)
Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Expansion of State Forms and their Interactions

2. Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions
Overview:
State formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity in various regions.
In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, with differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop.

3. Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions
Overview (continued…):
The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept — the Caliphate — to Afro-Eurasian statecraft.
Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds.

4. Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions
Overview (continued…):
- In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region.

5. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties — Sui, Tang, and Song — combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances.

6. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
1. Examples of traditional sources of power and legitimacy:
a. Patriarchy

7. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
b. Religion

8. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
c. Land-owning elites

9. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
2. Examples of innovations:
a. New methods of taxation- paper money taxation

10. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
b. Tributary systems - kowtow

11. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
c. Adaptation of religious institutions.

12. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan.

13. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
1. Examples of Islamic states:
a. Abbasids ( )

14. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
b. Muslim Iberia ( )

15. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
c. Delhi Sultanates ( )

16. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
2. Examples of city-states:
a. In the Italian peninsula (c. 7th- 15th centuries)

17. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
b. In East Africa (c. 8th to 15th Centuries)

18. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
c. In Southeast Asia- Mandalas (c. 5th to 15th centuries)

19. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
d. In the Americas (c )

20. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions.
  1. Examples of such synthesis by states:
a. Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states:

21. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
b. Chinese traditions that influenced states in Japan and Korea: Neoconfucianism, Buddhism, Imperial Structure

22. I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.  
D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.

23. A. Examples of technological and cultural transfers:
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.
A. Examples of technological and cultural transfers:
1. Between Tang China and the Abbasids- Battle of Talas (751)- paper making

24. 2. Across the Mongol empires (1206- 1368)- Gunpowder
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.
2. Across the Mongol empires ( )- Gunpowder

25. II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.
3. During the Crusades

26. II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.
3. Transfers during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He