Vocabulary Terms- India and China Define the following terms: monsoon, plateau, veneration, Sanskrit, caste, acculturation, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, Buddhism, nirvana

Map of Asia Locate and identify on a map India, Himalaya, Ganges River, Persian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea, Huang He (Yellow River), Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), Mongolia, Gobi Desert, and the South China Sea.

Ancient India and China

Geography of the Indian Subcontinent The Deccan Plateau Indus and Ganges Rivers Himalayas (highest mountains in the world) 8,874 m or 29,114 ft Over 100 mountains, Mt. Everest being the most famous Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan

Geography and Ancient India Geographic advantages: Geographic challenges:

Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Culture) Pre-Indo-European Culture Religion most likely polytheistic certain animals were venerated, including the buffalo and the bull early beliefs may have influenced later Indian beliefs, especially the veneration of cattle Government Structure and Cities city planning and the citadel Economy agriculture and trade Writing What brought about the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization?

Harappan City Mohenjo-Daro

The Aryans invaded northern India by c. 1500 B. C The Aryans invaded northern India by c.1500 B.C. They were a nomadic people of Indo-European origins. Their chief occupations were herding livestock and war. Transition from pastoral nomads into farmers Use of the iron plow Sanskrit Caste system in India- social group into which a Hindu person is born Brahmans- Kshatriyas- Vaisyas- Sudras- *Pariahs, Untouchables

Hinduism origins lie with the Aryans vedas (collections of religious chants and ceremonies originally transmitted orally but later recorded in writing)

Tenets central to Hinduism Brahman is the single most powerful force in the universe. It is the ultimate goal of every person is to attain union with this force. Reincarnation is the idea that the soul continues on after death and is reborn in another life. The ultimate goal is to reborn in union with Brahman. Karma is the idea that what a person does, good or bad, will determine their future either in this life or in the next. There is no such principle as fate. Dharma is the divine law. People are required to do their duty according to their class or role in society. For example, more is expected of the Brahmans than of the Sudras. Yoga (meditation) is a method of training the mind and/or body to reach a higher union with god. Tenets central to Hinduism

The three main Hindu gods are: Brahma the Creator Vishnu the Preserver Siva the Destroyer

Buddhism The Basic Beliefs of Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha or “Enlightened One,” founded Buddhism in the 6th century B.C. Gautama’s Background Gautama’s basic beliefs The Basic Beliefs of Buddhism Four Noble Truths: An ordinary life is full of suffering. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves. The way to end all suffering is to follow the Middle Path. The Middle Path or Eightfold Path: the right view the right intention the right speech the right action the right livelihood the right effort the right mindfulness the right concentration

Ancient Indian Empires Maurya Empire (321 B.C.-185 B.C.) Chandragupta Maurya Asoka (Buddhist convert) The Kushan and the Silk Road (first century B.C.) 4,000 miles trade route Pacific to Mediterranean Luxury goods Chinese merchants Indian merchants Roman merchants Gupta Empire (320 A.D.- 520 A.D.)

Ancient China

Ancient China Geography Pacific Ocean Asian Deserts (Gobi Desert) Mountains (Himalayas) Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Rivers The Xia Dynasty (c. 2000 B.C.) Flooding and Irrigation The rise of the first Chinese cities Government The Shang Dynasty (c.1700-1122 B.C.) Society during the Shang Symbolic writing and oracle bones Bronze castings The decline of the Shang The Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 B.C.) The longest lasting dynasty in Chinese history Feudal state Mandate of Heaven Swords, crossbows, and psychological warfare

China

Qin Shi Huangdi unified all of China Centralization and absolute rule The Qin Dynasty (221-210 B.C.) Qin Shi Huangdi unified all of China Centralization and absolute rule Military districts with appointed administrators Uniform system of weights and measures Standardized coins Uniform system of writing Law code The Great Wall of China and forced labor Shi Huangdi’s loss of the Mandate of Heaven The discontent of his subjects The decline of the Qin dynasty The Han Dynasty (202 B.C.-220 A.D.) Gao Zu Continuance of the Qin governmental system Civil service exam Han Wudi (141- 87 B.C.) “Military Emperor of China” Demise in 220 A.D.

Qin Great Wall

The Silk Road Luxury Goods

Ancient India and China Vocabulary monsoon- seasonal wind that regularly blows from a certain direction for part of the year plateau- raised area of level land veneration- special regard Sanskrit- written language of ancient India caste- in traditional Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born acculturation- the blending of two or more cultures Hinduism- religion indicative of some parts of southern Asia, particularly India and Nepal, and having ancient origins reincarnation- the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form karma- in Hinduism, all of the actions that affect a person’s fate in the next life Dharma- in Hinduism, a person’s religious and moral duties Buddhism- religion with origins in Hinduism; it centers around the teachings of the sixth-century sage Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha nirvana- in Buddhism, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth