AICE International History Final Exam Review

International Relations in an Age of Imperialism 1871-1918 Chapter 1

Scramble for Africa Europeans used paternalism to govern people in colonies. This provided them with needs, but did not give them full rights. Rudyard Kipling’s “white man’s burden,” referred to the white race’s supposed duty to “civilize” inferior non-white races.

Scramble for Africa continued… “The sun never sets on the British Empire” was a saying about the Empire at the peak of its power. This meant that the British had colonies in every part of the world.

Scramble continued… As part of their “sense of duty,” many imperial powers believed they needed to colonize the continent of Africa for reasons that were known as the “Three C’s.” These were Christianity, commerce, and civilization. Britain insisted on taking control of the Suez Canal because Britain wanted easier access to its holdings in Asia, for example, India.

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers. Purpose: prevent war among the European powers

U.S. and Japan Become World Powers Rapid industrialization and economic growth occurred during the Meiji Restoration. The Russo-Japanese War began when Japan surprise-attacked Russian ships in Port Arthur.

U.S. and Japan continued… The purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was to discourage European countries from establishing colonies in Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary, an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, essentially allowed the United States to become an international police force.

U.S. and Japan continued… Spain lost control of Cuba, as a result of the Spanish-American War. The Spanish-American War is the event that officially demonstrated the U.S. move from isolationism to imperialism. The sinking of the Battleship Maine in Cuba was heavily criticized by the American press and forced the U.S. to get involved in international affairs.

U.S. and Japan… Protectionism is the policy of placing high tariffs (taxes) on imports in order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

World War I

Bismarck’s Alliances Germany was unified by Otto von Bismarck and later ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II during the last decade of the 1800s and most of World War I. Bismarck sought alliances that later became the Triple Alliance because he wanted to isolate France. Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany belonged to the Triple Alliance.

Alliances continued Britain, France, and Russia all belonged to the Triple Entente. Germany and Austria-Hungary were know as the Central Powers because of their location in the heart of Europe.

Causes of World War I The four MAIN causes of World War I were Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, and Nationalism. The policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war is militarism. A key characteristic of nationalism is having strong pride in your country.

The Spark The Balkan Peninsula was referred to as the “Powder Keg” of Europe. The assassination of Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo ignited the Great War.

The Great War Austria-Hungary was the first nation to declare war in World War I against Serbia. The Schlieffen Plan is the plan that Germany created to prepare for a two front war. They planned to attack France first and then Russia.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Germany’s policy to sink any ship in British waters without warning is known as unrestricted submarine warfare.

The U.S. enters the war. Germany’s plan to help Mexico regain land lost to the United States was revealed in the Zimmerman telegram.

Governments Wage Total War World War I was a total war in the sense that the nations involved devoted all of their resources to it. Many goods were in short supply during the war. Governments turned to rationing to limit the purchase of consumer goods. During the war governments used propaganda to influence public opinion to keep up support and morale for the war.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Russians signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk taking them out of World War I.

Allies win the war On November 11, 1918 an armistice was signed bringing World War I to an end.

The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for the entire war. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States gave a speech, known as the Fourteen Points, which outlined his vision for the postwar world. One of Wilson’s points was the creation of a League of Nations. However American’s believed that the United States should stay out of European affairs. This is also called isolationism.

International relations in an age of uncertainty 1919-1933 Chapter 2

Paris Peace Conference January 1919: representatives from nearly 30 countries met in Versailles to create a settlement to end WWI and prevent another war. The Council of Four made most decisions: President Woodrow Wilson (USA) Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain) Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau (France) Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Aims of the Big Three: France wanted to destroy Germany economically and keep them weak militarily. Clemenceau’s determination to punish Germany earned him the nickname, “The Tiger” France’s uncompromising position to punish Germany was probably the biggest obstacle of the Paris Peace settlements. Britain & the USA wanted to help German economic recovery to enhance trade. Wilson wanted a lenient peace based on the Fourteen Points

Treaty of Versailles Terms Alsace and Lorraine returned to France (who had greatly regretted its loss to Germany in 1871.) German African colonies became Mandates (land taken to be administered by the League of Nations) Self-determination became a priority. This means that people of a common nationality should have the right to form their own nations and govern themselves. The Saar Valley would be administered by the League for 15 years and then there would be a Plebiscite (a vote) to determine if it should belong to France or Germany War Guilt Clause: Blamed Germany for WWI

Germany After the Treaty Germany’s new democratic government in 1919 was called the Weimar Republic. There were some weaknesses of the Weimar Republic: A large number of political parties in Germany There was a lack of democratic tradition The economy was suffering from uncontrollable inflation.

The Dawes Plan, 1924 The German economy was destroyed after WWI and was unable to pay the war reparations. French Troops occupied the Rhur in 1923 because Germany was failing to meet its obligations to pay the war debt. The Dawes Plan of 1924 assisted Germany’s economic problems with a sizeable foreign loan and also helped with Europe’s economic recovery. France then withdrew their troops from the Ruhr

The Locarno Treaties, 1925 Germany, Belgium and Italy promised to respect their joint borders that had been agreed at Versailles. Treaty of Mutual Guarantee stated Britain and Italy would come to the aid of any country that fell victim to an act of aggression in violation of the Locarno treaties. Marked a turning point in international affairs because is showed the effective working relationship between Astride Briand (France) and Gustav Stresemann (Germany).

The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Suggested by Frank Kellogg (US) and Astride Briand (France). 65 nations agreed to renounce war as an instrument of national policy. Unfortunately, there were no indication of what steps would be taken if the agreement was broken so the pact was worthless. The United States never signed the pact.

The Young Plan, 1929 The best example of France’s new willingness to compromise Committee, led by American banker Owen Young, met to discuss reducing the reparations for Germany. German reparations were reduced from £6.6 billion to £2 billion. Both the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan were crucial to the issue of German reparations.

International Relations in an Age of Extremism Fascism to World War 1919-1939 Chapter 3

FASCISM RISES IN EUROPE Fascio di Combattimento or, ‘Fighting Group’ This was the term coined by Mussolini for his political party. The year was 1919. 34

CHARACTERISTICS OF FASCISM Lack of democracy. This means there is a one-party state. Coalition governments proved to be unstable. Totalitarianism - the government controls as many aspects of peoples’ lives as possible. ******Extreme nationalism****** – seek GLORY and EMPIRE 35

OTHER FASCIST LEADERS ADOLF HITLER FRANCISCO FRANCO 36

HITLER’S RISE Nazism is the German brand of fascism In his book, Mein Kampf (‘My Struggle’) he outlined his ideas for the Third Reich. Lebensraum (living space) was a central theme and he used it as justification for taking over other lands 37

38

MUNICH CONFERENCE September, 1938 a conference with Hitler offering to annex Sudetenland for a promise that Hitler would NOT invade the rest of Czechoslovakia 39

I believe we have achieved peace in our time! APPEASEMENT I believe we have achieved peace in our time! Giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace Others also appeased: Japan - Manchuria Italy - Ethiopia 40

And he’s not done yet... 41

Non-aggression Pact, 1939 USSR and Germany 42

Axis Powers Italy, Germany, and Japan France and Britain will be forced to face them alone for a while.... 43

And finally, last but not least… Who is this guy? Hint: the last emperor of China Pu Yi !!!