Revolts in Latin America Ch. 8 Sec. 3

Social and Ethnic Structures Peninsulares: European born; highest social class Creoles: European- descended Latin Americans; second class citizens Mestizos/Mulattoes: Native American and Euro decent/ African American and Euro descent; lowest class

Toussaint L’Ouverture Fought for: Freedom in Haiti Fought Against: French (Slave owners) Self-educated former slave; France, Spain, and Britain sent armies; took more lives than any other revolution in the Americas 1802: Napoleon sent troops/ agreed to truce 1803:Toussaint died in French prison 1804: Haiti declared independence 1820: Haiti became a republic

Fought for: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spain Father Miguel Hidalgo Fought for: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spain Pastor of poor parish of Dolores; Sept. 15, 1810 rang church bells to summon people to rally; Gave “el Grito de Dolores” speech; Hidalgo was captured and executed and followers scattered

Fought For: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spanish Rule Father Jose Morelos Fought For: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spanish Rule Picked up the banner of revolution; mestizo who called for wide-ranging social and political reforms; led rebels for 4 years before captured and shot

Agustin de Iturbide Fought For: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spain 1820 Spain issued new constitution, Iturbide feared Spain might impose liberal reforms as well; rallied creoles, mestizos and native Americans to overthrow the viceroy Took title Emperor Augustine I, but monarchy would be overthrown and Republic of Mexico established

Iturbide Continued Spanish-ruled colonies declared independence 1820s Iturbide tried to add the areas to Mexican empire After his overthrow, local leaders set up a republic- United Provinces of Central America Soon fragmented and set up separate republics Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica

Simon Bolivar Fought For: Venezuela/South America Fought Against: Spain Napoleon’s occupation of Spain gave rebels the signal to act; Bolivar’s new republic was quickly toppled and caused civil war in Venezuela; twice Bolivar was sent to Haiti in exile; He marched his troops across Andes and attacked Spanish at Bogota (present-day Columbia)- surprised Spanish in 1819

By 1821 Bolivar freed Caracas, Venezuela Bolivar continued By 1821 Bolivar freed Caracas, Venezuela Became known as “The Liberator” Moved south into Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia where he joined forces with Jose de San Martin

Fought For: Argentina, Chile, Peru Fought Against: Spain Jose de San Martin Fought For: Argentina, Chile, Peru Fought Against: Spain Militarily trained in Europe, helped Argentina win freedom from Spain; then moved his army to help Chile also win freedom from Spain; 1822 he gave his troops over to Bolivar to combine forces

Freedom Leads to Power Struggle Wars of independence ended by 1824 Bolivar tried to unify liberated lands into one- Gran Colombia Bitter rivalries made it impossible Gran Colombia split into: Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador Led to destructive civil war “We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else”

Dom Pedro Fought For: Brazil Fought Against: Portugal When Napoleon’s armies conquered Portugal, Portuguese family fled to Brazil; King of Portugal left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil; Fought for independence and became Emperor of Brazil- accepted reforms and a new constitution Remained a monarch until 1889 when turmoil led to a republic