Do Now Which is more dense? A B Why? Same volume, more mass. Less volume, same mass. Less volume, more mass.

States of Matter Solid Gas Liquid

Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Touch Smell Taste

The of a type of depends on: matter The of a type of depends on: physical state How its atoms and molecules are Arranged & How they move

Kinetic Theory of Matter All matter is made up of tiny These particles are in particles constant motion

Brownian Motion A scientist named Brown observed particles vibrating. He discovered that all particles are moving all the time.

Brownie in Motion

ALL atoms are moving ALL the time!

The states of matter:

Solids do not take the shape of their containers Solids do not take the shape of their containers. SOLIDS have a definite shape.

Solid: (Example: Wood block) Definite size and shape. Particles are close together. Particles vibrate.

There are 2 types of Solids Crystalline Solids Particles are arranged in repeating geometric pattern Creates crystals (ex. Diamonds, Salt, Sugar) Well defined melting point Amorphous Solids Non-repeating, random arrangement of particles No crystals (ex. Glass, Rubber, Coal) Melting point is a range, not well defined

There are 2 types of Solids Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

Liquids take the shape of their containers… So do gases.

Liquid: (Example: Water) Do not have a fixed shape: Take the shape of their container. Have a fixed volume. Particles are further apart. Particles move freely.

Gas: (Example: Air, Steam) Do not have a fixed shape NOR volume. Take the shape and volume of their container. Particles are very far apart. Particles move very freely and very quickly.

Do Now Describe how the particles in a solid, liquid and a gas are arranged and how they move

Pressure more pressure. When molecules move and bounce around, they bang on the walls of their container, creating pressure. When you heat a gas, the molecules will bounce around more, and hit the walls of its container harder, creating more pressure. Period 9

If the container is rigid, pressure will become very high.

If the container is not rigid…. ….the container will expand.

The pressure could lift up a man!

Boyle’s Law When you squeeze a gas it gets smaller and pressure inside increases. Volume Pressure

Charles’ Law A hot gas expands A cold gas contracts

Do Now Define pressure Describe Bolye’s and Charles Law

Fluids Both liquids and gases Takes the shape of its container Are capable of flowing Both liquids and gases

Hydraulics- Apply a small force on small piston and it becomes a large force on the other piston

Bernoulli’s Principle When fluids are moving faster over an area they exert lower pressure Over the wing: Faster = Lower Pressure Below the wing: Slower = Higher Pressure Creates LIFT Upwards!

Trouble with the Curve- The Magnus Effect The spin creates a lower pressure on one side of the ball The ball travels in the direction of lower pressure creating a curve Lower Velocity Higher Velocity

The G.O.A.T.

Do now: What happens when you heat matter up Do now: What happens when you heat matter up? Explain what the particles are doing

Diffusion Molecules will move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

Kinetic Energy Heat adds kinetic energy to the moving particles. As a result, the particles move faster.

Temperature The measure of the energy of movement of molecules. The measure of their Kinetic Energy!

What effect does temperature have on the motion of atoms? All particles are always in motion! (even in a solid!) When they are hotter, they move faster!

Could it ever get cold enough to stop the motion of particles? Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature where there is no kinetic energy in a particle. (0° K) Scientists have come very close to this temperature in a laboratory but it is not possible to reach 0° K.

The 3 Temperature Scales

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and states of matter???

Moving particles break free! The more the particles move, the further away from each other they get. When they get further away from each other, they will change into a different state of matter. Solid  Liquid  Gas Start here on Wednesday?

Phase Change Solid Liquid Gas Deposition Melting Vaporization Freezing Condensation Sublimation

As you add heat to ice it melts… Gaseous Water 110°C And then evaporates… Liquid Water 50°C 100°C Solid Water -10°C Boiling Point (Condensation Point) 0°C Freezing Point/ Melting Point

As you cool off steam, it condenses… Boiling Point (Condensation Point) 100°C Gaseous Water 50°C Freezing Point/ Melting Point 0°C Liquid Water Solid Water -10°C As you cool off steam, it condenses… And then freezes…

Freezing Point At what temperature does water freeze? 0 celsius is the freezing point of water At what temperature does ice melt? 0 celsius is the melting point of water

Boiling point At what temperature does water boil and vaporize? 100 celsius is the boiling point of water At what temperature does water condense? 100 celsius is the condensing point of water

Do Now: Describe what is happening at the flat parts of the graph. 100 Temp °C Time on a hot stove (min)

Phase Change Graph Note: There is NO Temperature Change during Phase Change Tempe r a t u r e L G Gas S L Liquid Solid Heat Energy

Temperature does not change during the phase change When matter is changing from one state to another all of the energy (heat) is being used to push the molecules apart. When the phase change is over the temp increases again.

Heat of Fusion The amount of heat that must be added to melt a solid into a liquid The amount of heat that must be removed to freeze a liquid into a solid

Phase Change Graph Heat of Fusion Note: There is NO Temperature Change during Phase Change Tempe r a t u r e L G Gas Heat of Fusion S L Liquid Solid Heat Energy

Heat of Vaporization The amount of heat that must be added to vaporize a liquid into a gas The amount of heat that must be removed to condense a gas into a liquid

Phase Change Graph Heat of Vaporization Note: There is NO Temperature Change during Phase Change Tempe r a t u r e Heat of Vaporization L G Gas S L Liquid Solid Heat Energy

Time vs. Temp. What is happening at each letter? E D C B A

Here is a heating curve for gold: What temp is Hf and Hv Here is a heating curve for gold: What temp is Hf and Hv? What is happening at each point? 2856 1064