And the Changing World Balance The West And the Changing World Balance

1400 Islamic world in decline – Fall of Abbasids (1258) to the Mongols Ming Dynasty in China (after fall of Mongols) tries dominate, but eventually looks inward Western Europe – not a major power yet, but important changes occurring --- Italy, Spain, Portugal take on new leadership roles Byzantine Empire falls to Ottoman Turks in 1453

Decline in the Middle East Religious leaders become more influential…… Why??? Landlords seize power over peasantry – serfs on large estates – Result? Tax revenues decline and Middle Eastern merchants loose ground to European competitors – Where do the Muslim merchants continue to trade? Decline of the Mongols open up possibilities for Western Europe & China No total collapse of Islamic civilization, ………………….. focus on religious and legal traditions result is fall in agricultural productivity Muslim merchants do remain active in Indian Ocean

Ottoman (Othmans) Turks begin to build a very powerful empire (present day Turkey) Focus on conquest and administration, less on commerce Power vacuum in the Middle East……rivals to the Ottomans include India, Persia, and Egypt

China’s Attempt & Failure Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644) replaces the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty Expeditions led by Zheng He, to India, Middle East and eastern Africa – stopped because of high costs and opposition from (Surprise, Surprise) Confucian bureaucrats Chinese merchants will remain active in Southeast Asia but lost chance to become major world trading power……. this will open the door for the Europeans China looses chance to become dominant world trading power

Rise of the West Europe’s small states are still backward during the 14th and 15th centuries ---- The Church is under attack, Feudalism is on the decline……………………. Food supply cannot keep up with population growth so….FAMINE Bubonic Plague (Black Death) in the 14th century will cost Europe 1/3 of its population………

Impact of the Black Death Depopulation Wages increased Wider distribution of wealth Criminal activity increased Work day extended; clocks more important Labor shortage stimulated inventions

Despite all the problems, Western Europe is a dynamic society………………… Hundred’s Years War stimulated military innovation and strengthened feudal monarchs – new states emerge Regional rulers push the Muslims out of Spain and Portugal Trade becomes more important Increase in urbanization Europeans acquire Asian technology----adapt, improve……….use in trade, navigation, & war

Mongols provide access to Asian technology - luxury goods balance of trade negative with Asia expansion by Venice explorations to by-pass Muslim routes to Asia

Italian Renaissance more secular art & literature cultural & political movement - from urban vitality & commerce city-states support merchants seeking new markets

cultural movement begins in Florence realistic paintings perspective early – not a full break from Medieval ideals little impact outside of Italy culture not science innovations in music Italian commerce increases – personal glory

Iberian Peninsula change stimulates west’s surge into world Castile & Aragon - regional monarchies religious & military agenda - convert or expel Muslims & Jews link b/t church & state

Exploration late 13th century - Atlantic south along West African coast Chinese compass & astrolabe (Arabs) better ships map making improves colonies – Azores, Canary Islands

Prince Henry of Portugal - gave land grants - colonists took plants, animals & diseases to new areas key factors - curiosity - religious fervor - financial gain cash crops produced for western markets - slaves introduced

Early expansion & colonization will not effect The Americas, Polynesia, and most of sub-Saharan Africa not part of the network Early expansion & colonization will not effect Eventually brought into European system Vulnerable to European expansion

Americas not part of international exchange disadvantage when outsiders intervene Americas Aztecs creating resentments among subjected peoples Incas have tension b/t central & local leadership European invasion changed dynamics of Americas

Polynesia Migrations between 7th & 15th centuries Society Islands to Polynesia Polynesia to Hawaii Characteristics Agricultural society Lack metallurgy Independent invention

Adding up the changes new technologies (opportunities to copy Asian) European initiative in weapons & ships role of individuals decline of Arabs reduces Africa’s contact with international world Europeans becoming more adventurous, taking over world trade China isolates itself Ottoman empire not concerned with trade (decline of Muslim influence in trade)

What dynasty, along with the Sui, re-established and improved Chinese civilization after the fall of China’s Classical civilization? Ming Shang Qin Song Tang

Why did the Mongols refrain from attacking central Europe in 1241? The death of the Great Khan The conversion of the Great Khan to Christianity The conversion of the Great Khan to Buddhism Massive military buildup in Europe\ They turned attention to Korea

What important cultural movement rejected Buddhism while adapting some of its themes to the predominant thought which stressed family duty and honor? Daoism Shinto Zen Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Sikhism

In Japan, from the Heian period until the Tokugawa period, emperors Shared powers with the Shinto priests Seldom wielded any real political power Required the Mandate of Heaven to maintain power Came from constantly changing lineages Maintained tight political control

Which factor helps explain the scientific and literary achievements of the Muslims during their Golden Age? Expansion of transatlantic trade Innovations introduced by the Europeans during the Renaissance Cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic governments Legal equality of all people in the Islamic empire The status of women in society

Which of the following was a result of the Crusades? Western knights carved out a kingdom in the Holy Land that lasted until the 1600s. The Fourth Crusade helped strengthen the Byzantine Empire The Crusades helped demonstrate European superiority The Crusades helped to open the West to new cultural and economic influences from the Middle East The Muslims adopted much of Europe’s culture

During the postclassical period, societies in the Americas Remained entirely separate from those of the Old World Experienced the initial contacts that led eventually to European invasion of the New World Failed to develop imperial forms of government, a failure that mirrored European society Were united under a single government Were isolated from Europe, but had limited contact with Africans.