January 1, 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect. President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation declares that all slaves in Confederate states will be free. Lincoln invites Free Blacks and Freed Slaves to enlist

Inequality in the Army Black soldiers were initially paid $10 per month from which $3 was automatically deducted for clothing, resulting in a net pay of $7. In contrast, white soldiers received $13 per month from which no clothing allowance was drawn.

June 15, 1864 Congress raises the pay of black soldiers to make it equal to that of whites. Slaves built the U.S. Capitol building in Washington D.C.

March 3, 1865 Congress passes a resolution to emancipate the wives and children of African-American soldiers. A slave family in South Carolina, 1862. Photo courtesy Library of Congress.

March 13, 1865 The Confederacy approves arming slaves as soldiers. But only if as their masters approve.

April 9, 1865 Civil War ends. Over 186,000 African-Americans had served in the Union army More than 38,000 had died.

African-American Impact By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy. Nearly 40,000 black soldiers died over the course of the war—30,000 of infection or disease.

African-American Impact Black soldiers served in artillery and infantry and performed all noncombat support functions that sustain an army, as well. Black carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters also contributed to the war cause.

African-American Impact Black women, who could not formally join the Army, nonetheless served as nurses, spies, and scouts, the most famous being Harriet Tubman.