Costs of the War 16+ Million people dead Russia, Germany, France highest Financial crisis – rebuilding, war debts Political turmoil – revolutions, new governments, colonial unrest Disillusionment – horrors of war Influenza

WWI – Peace? Goal  to find peace Who started the war? Should a/the guilty country be punished? Should a/the treaty be harsh or generous? How can future war be prevented?

Ideas for peace… Fourteen Points League of Nations Woodrow Wilson – US president League of Nations One of Wilson’s “Points” *Treaty of Versailles Between the Allies and Germany Separate treaties w/ other nations

Fourteen Points End to secret treaties (Alliances) Freedom of the seas (Militarism) Free trade (Nationalism, Alliances…) Arms reductions (Militarism) Self-determination (Nationalism, Imperialism) Fair treatment of Colonial peoples (Imperialism)

League of Nations One of the Fourteen Points…Collective Security Police the nations of the world Prevent future wars – settle disputes through diplomacy Tried to help the causes of the war at the “root” level Labor/living conditions, health care, employment, nutrition…

Had little/no power to enforce decisions US not a member Had little/no power to enforce decisions Did not punish offending nations with military action Member could drop out at will Ineffective… (model for United Nations)

Versailles Treaty Peace between Germany and the Allies Big Three Wilson – US Clemenceau – France Lloyd George – England Sometimes “Big Four” +Orlando – Italy Did not consult defeated powers

Germans found terms difficult to accept War blame “guilt” Reparations - occupation Limited military Lost territory and colonies …this treaty lead to WWII US did not sign Treaty or join League

Armenian Genocide Genos  race Cide  killing

Armenian Genocide Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire caused tension between Turks (the majority) and minority groups

Tension triggered the genocide of the Armenians (a minority)

It is estimated that one and a half million Armenians perished / died between

Armenian Genocide (FYI – This part not on your notes) 11th century, Turks invaded Armenian land 16th century, Armenian part of the Ottoman Empire Treated as second class citizens, afraid to speak their language, persecuted Turks did not want Armenians to fight for independence or equality Aggressive nationalism  Pan-Turkism, rejected pluralism (all minorities) Armenians lived in the path of “Turkish expansion” Turkish rulers decided to get rid of them

Tens of thousands of Christian Armenians were killed in the early 20th century by the Turks.

The Ottoman Empire and areas of influence at its peak in the mid-1500s, including the historic Armenian Homeland.

The Land of Turan as planned by the Young Turks to create a new empire in the East, but blocked by Historic Armenia.

Present day map of Turkey and Armenia, showing an outline of Historic Armenia.