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Learning Targets Explain how cellular respiration converts stored chemical energy in food molecules to energy used by the organism to maintain life.   Distinguish key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in the use of oxygen and energy production.

Cellular Respiration

 Respiration AND Respiration – the biochemical process that makes ATP from glucose Occurs in both autotrophs and heterotrophs.

 Respiration There are two types of respiration, AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC. Aerobic respiration requires OXYGEN to release energy. The chemical equation for aerobic respiration is: C6H1206 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP Glucose Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide Energy

 Respiration Anaerobic respiration DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN. (Also called FERMENTATION) Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with the same process, glycolysis.

C6H12O6 + 2 ATP  2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP  Glycolysis Occurs in CYTOPLASM Means “split the sugar,” The chemical equation for glycolysis is: C6H12O6 + 2 ATP  2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP

 Glycolysis Glucose molecules are broken down into 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) molecules Two ATP molecules are used and four ATP molecules are created resulting in a net gain of two ATP. Following glycolysis, the pyruvic acid molecules can follow two paths: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration.

 Glycolysis 2 Glucose Glycolysis

Mitochondria Double membrane outer membrane inner membrane highly folded cristae enzymes & transport proteins

Aerobic Respiration  Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA Pyruvic acid molecules are converted to Acetyl-CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA broken down into H+, CO2, and ATP Krebs Cycle: Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix. Produces large quantity of electron carriers that will be used in the electron transport chain to power it. The H+ ions bond to carrier molecules, NAD+ and FAD to make NADH and FADH2.

 Aerobic Respiration NADH and FADH2 go through a series of step reactions – the electron transport chain – to produce ATP. Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in cristae (folded inner membrane) of mitochondria. Produces water and 36 ATP.

 Aerobic Respiration Each cycle produces 10 NADH molecules, 2 FADH2 molecules and 2 ATP. 1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP The end product of aerobic respiration is the production of 36 ATP MOLECULES.

Aerobic Respiration  2 36 Glucose Glycolysis Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic Respiration Occurs in the CYTOPLASM. Occurs in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic Respiration Lactic acid Fermentation- converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and CO2 Lactic acid can build up in muscles when they run out of oxygen and causes muscle soreness Alcoholic fermentation- converts pyruvic acid to ethanol and CO2 Process used to make wine, beer, cheese, and bread Both processes result in the production of only 2 ATP MOLECULES.

Factors Affecting Respiration:  Factors Affecting Respiration: ATP concentration - the more ATP molecules available, the slower the rate of respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic Respiration Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport 2 36 Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid