1. Cellular Respiration Chapter 9

2. Energy Review Energy Storing Molecules
ATP, NADH (NAD+), FADH (FAD+), FADH2
ATP supplies most of the energy that drives metabolism in living things
ATP releases energy when converted into ADP

3. Cellular Respiration Overview
Living things get most of the energy they need from glucose.
Autotrophs make glucose using photosynthesis
Heterotrophs get glucose from food they eat
Cellular Respiration
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

4. Cellular Respiration Overview
Cellular Respiration Overall Equation
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Three Stages
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
The Main form of Energy produced = ATP

5. Electron Transport Chain
Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

6. Glycolysis Glyco = Glucose lysis = Breakdown
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.
Cell must use (invest) 2 ATP
Produces Energy Carrier Molecules
2 ATP
2 NADH

7. Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvic Acid Pyruvic Acid
To the Electron Transport Chain

8. The “Mighty” Mitochondria
The mitochondria is the organelle where the final stages of cellular respiration occurs.
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Cells that use a lot of energy have high numbers of mitochondria.
Example: Muscle cells in the heart!!

9. Kreb’s Cycle Aerobic Process = Only if oxygen is present!!
Occurs in the MATRIX of the mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis enters to form
2 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
CO2 (which is released when we exhale!!)
AKA….Citric Acid Cycle

11. Electron Transport Chain
Energy carrier molecules produced during Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle enter the ETC
NADH
FADH2
Occurs in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (Cristae)
The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen!
So this step is aerobic (requires oxygen)
The ETC produces 32 ATP and H2O

13. Cellular Respiration Flowchart
Section 9-2
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)
Entire process of cellular respiration forms 36 ATP

14. What is ATP?
What is an autotroph?
What is a heterotroph?
What is cellular respiration?
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
In glycolysis, molecules of glucose are broken down into two molecules of _____________.
How many ATP must cells invest in glycolysis?
Why is the Kreb’s Cycle called an aerobic process?
What is another name for the Kreb’s Cycle?
Where does the ETC occur?

15. What happens if NO OXYGEN is available??
The Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain can’t function!!
These are anaerobic conditions!!

16. Fermentation Chapter 9-1
The cell can use Fermentation instead!!
Occurs in the Cytoplasm
Just like glycolysis!!
Fermentation
A series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP

17. Pyruvic Acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
2 Types of Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast use this process to form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products.
This causes bread dough to rise
This is how some alcoholic beverages are made
Pyruvic Acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in bacteria (unicellular organisms)
This is how cheese, yogurt, and pickles are made.
Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise
When your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells must produce some ATP using fermentation and glycolysis
Lactic Acid build-up causes muscle soreness or burning after intense activity.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+

19. Fermentation Summary Fermentation: 2 Pyruvic Acid  ? or ?
Glycolysis: Glucose  2 Pyruvic Acid

20. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or Lactic Acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)

21. KEYSTONE REVIEW
How does chlorophyll help plant cells function? A. by transforming sunlight into chemical energy B. by releasing the oxygen produced during photosynthesis C. by helping the cells in plant roots absorb the minerals in the soil D. by moving the water taken in by plant roots into the plant cell walls

23. Where does fermentation occur?
What is fermentation?
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Give two examples of alcoholic fermentation.
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur (2 places)?
Why does lactic acid fermentation occur in your muscle cells?
What is cellular respiration?
What are the three stages of cellular respiration (in order) and where do the specifically occur in the cell?
How many ATP must the cell invest to get glycolysis started?
What is the Kreb’s Cycle also known as?
What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC?
What are conditions called when no oxygen is available?