Intro to Animals (EUMETAZOA)   Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html

Animal Evolution Ancestral Protist Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Diagram from slide show by Kim Foglia Animal Evolution Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinoderm Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms insects spiders starfish vertebrates backbone segmentation endoskeleton eucoelom body cavity bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity Ancestral Protist

Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods

Animals Vertebrates- Animals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

LIFE ON EARTH Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html

Characteristics of ALL Animals: Eukaryotic 2. Heterotrophic Multicellular/differentiated cells Cells have NO cell walls 5. Movement 6. Reproduction (Most sexual)

Body Systems : INTEGUMENTARY _____________________ OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers) Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss Orangutan image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php Fish image from:http://www.woodburning.com/fish/ Frog image from: http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~mmorley/rainbow/green%20frog.jpg Cardinal image from: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/pulaskione/GRAPHIC/IMAGES/birds/Northern%20Cardinal.jpg

Body Systems : DIGESTIVE _________________ Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm

NO OPENINGS: Food enters through cell surface http://www.tape-worm.info/ EX: tapeworm NO OPENINGS: Food enters through cell surface Image by Riedell EX: sponges Sponge images from Animals slide show by Kim Foglia @ http://www.explorebiology.com

EX: jellyfish, hydra, planaria Images from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif http://contanatura.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/2005/09/imortalidade_pr.html http://www.explorebiology.com EX: jellyfish, hydra, planaria ONE OPENING combined digestive/circulatory space = GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS) Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif TWO OPENINGS: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

Two openings: Most efficient Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Two openings: Most efficient If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization (Different parts can start to do different jobs)

Body Systems : CIRCULATORY CLOSED OPEN __________________ Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells Circulatory fluid can be: inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______ CLOSED OPEN Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif

IMMUNE SYSTEM Protection against “foreign invaders” http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14X28.jpg http://www.biology.arizona.edu/IMMUNOLOGY/tutorials/antibody/structure.html

Body Systems : RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the ___________________ environment take in oxygen remove waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia) Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif

GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH SKIN BOOK LUNGS TRACHEA & SPIRACLES http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecArthropod/SpiderX.jpg

GILLS LUNGS trachea lung anterior air sacs posterior http://www.ciggyfree.com/cigblog/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/lungs.gif

BREATHING WITH LUNGS Positive pressure Air pushed into lungs Negative pressure Air pulled into lungs (diaphragm)

UNIQUE BIRD LUNGS AIRS SACS ATTACHEDTO LUNGS ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the INHALE and on the EXHALE Animation from: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds

Body Systems : EXCRETORY ___________________ Collect and remove nitrogen waste made by cells Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance (_________________________) OSMOREGULATION

NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID _________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute ______________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia) ______________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute) UREA URIC ACID

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG NITROGEN WASTE

ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME! DIGESTIVE WASTE NITROGEN WASTE WHERE IT’S MADE? Body system used? In what form? made by cells from break down of proteins & nucleic acids left over from undigested food Handled by digestive system Handled by excretory system ammonia, urea, or uric acid (waste + water = urine) Feces (poop)

NEPHRIDIA MALPIGHIAN TUBULES FLAME CELLS KIDNEYS http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/Faculty/Farabee/BIOBK/insectexcret_1.gif NEPHRIDIA MALPIGHIAN TUBULES FLAME CELLS KIDNEYS http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecArthropod/SpiderX.jpg http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/excretory.html

Body Systems : SKELETAL ___________________ ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________ ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton.gif

Body Systems : MUSCULAR _______________ Locomotion- move body itself Image from: http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html MUSCULAR _______________ Locomotion- move body itself OR move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels) http://www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/science/nutriton/images/peristal.gif

Body Systems : _____________________ - Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________ REPRODUCTIVE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_______________________ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

REPRODUCTIVE INDIRECT ______________ DEVELOPMENT immature LARVA looks different than adult __________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions on adults Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly Frog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co DIRECT Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

External fertilization Sperm and egg join outside female’s body = ___________________ inside female’s body = ____________________ External fertilization Internal fertilization Animation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif

NERVOUS ___________________ Receive sensory info about environment & send response signals NERVOUS http://www.roadhunter.com/~ceph/gallery/anatomy07.jpg

Make hormones that regulate other body systems ENDOCRINE __________________ Make hormones that regulate other body systems Image from: http://www.cushings-help.com/images/endocrine.jpg

Kinds of Symmetry Asymmetry Radial Bilateral Images from: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm

DORSAL ANTERIOR POSTERIOR VENTRAL Animation from: http://bestanimations.com

________________ CEPHALIZATION Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area) First seen in Platyhelminthes (flat worms) Associated with bilateral symmetry Efficient response to stimulus Sense organs encounter environment first

EMBRYOLOGY Where does BLASTOPORE end up? Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml Where does BLASTOPORE end up? What do embryos look like as they divide? When do cells decide what they will be?

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Becomes digestive system  Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

Where does BLASTOPORE end up?  Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

What do embryos look like as they divide? SPIRAL RADIAL CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE Images from: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif

When do cells decide what they will become?   Image from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

Cells decide early Cells decide later DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE Removing cell causes death Removing cell OK DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE Images modified from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM ! ONLY Deuterostomes can have identical twins! MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (Maternal twins) Identical DNA DIZYGOTIC TWINS (Fraternal twins) DIFFERENT DNA

ANIMALS (Triploblastic) PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES Blastopore becomes ANUS Blastopore becomes MOUTH Decide later (INDETERMINATE) Decide very early (DETERMINATE) RADIAL cleavage SPIRAL cleavage ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) plus ECHINODERMS MOST INVERTEBRATES except ECHINODERMS

“Exception to the rule” Image from: http://www.bsac21.freeserve.co.uk/images/Critters/Starfish%20Bloody%20Henry.JPG “Exception to the rule” ECHINODERMS ARE THE ONLY INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROSTOMES http://my3boysandi.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/spongebob_1.jpg Porifera and Cnidarians have only TWO germ layers Not considered PROTOSTOMES http://z.about.com/d/healing/1/0/Y/O/gtotem_jellyfish.jpg

BODY PLAN INVERTEBRATES Dorsal heart Ventral nerve cord VERTEBRATES Ventral heart Dorsal nerve cord http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/biodidac/crus001and2b.gif/small.jpg

GASTRULATION- cells move inward overlip of blastopore THREE germ layers form Becomes digestive system  Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

Digestive system, respiratory All animals have 3 germ layers = TRIPLOBLASTIC Except: sponges, jellyfish, anemones = DIPLOBLASTIC Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Digestive system, respiratory Muscle, excretory, bones, circulatory Outer skin, brain, nervous system

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) No cavity (space) around organs Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm ACOELOM = “without space”

FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm PSEUDOCOELOM

ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums) EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

EUCOELOMATES ALL VERTEBRATES & MOST INVERTEBRATES

3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg

FUNCTIONS of having a COELOM (body space): Provides space/cushion internal organs In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

ADVANTAGE OF a EUCOELOM? Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time. Images from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif

ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES: Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm DISADVANTAGES: Can’t to live in extremely cold places (NO reptiles in Arctic) Can’t keep up max activity level for long

Endothermic “warm-blooded” Create own body heat FAST metabolism allows for: high activity for extended time ability to live in variety of environments EX: Birds, Mammals

SOURCES Anemone from: http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/cnidaria.gif Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif Crab from: http://www.gifs.net  Clam from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm Ant from: http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk

Millipede from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/sirrobhitch.suffolk/key/images/invertebrates/millipede.jpg Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net Jellyfish from: http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg

Tree frog: http://www. dynamicearth. co. uk/education/images/tree_frog Turtle: http://www.50birds.com/images/endttboxturtle.jpg Bird: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm Fish from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif Orangutan: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php

Earthworm : http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29. 4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif Crab from: http://www.animation-station.com/fish/index.php?page=2

  All images on this page from: http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/animal_bytes.html