Instructional Systems Chapter 2 Instructional Technology and Media for Learning Author: Smaldino, Russell, Heinich, Molenda Presented by Charity Bohnhoff

Objectives Define instructional systems and the components Describe the different characteristics of instructional systems Discuss the categories of instructional systems Compare and contrast the different learning styles

Definition of Instructional Systems Defined: Set of interrelated components that work together Must be effective and reliable Provides learning activities necessary to accomplish a learning goal

Components of Instructional Systems Objective: what you want to teach/learn Methods: how the teaching is done Media: what medium you use Equipment: what materials will be needed Learning environment: setting in which learning takes place People: unless topic is self-instructional

Characteristics of Instructional Systems Direction Synchronization Group Size Location Costs Time

Categories of Instructional Systems Active participation and interaction Practice Individualized instruction Reinforcement or feedback Realistic context Cooperative Groups

Cooperative Learning Defined: students working together to achieve a common learning goal Advantages Active learning, social skills, interdependence, and individual accountability Limitations Student compatibility, student dependency, time consuming, individualists, logistical obstacles

Cooperative Learning Integration Computer-Based Cooperative Learning New concept of cooperative learning Ensures efforts of collaboration truly exist Computer-Based Cooperative Learning Helps to alleviate logistical issues Online Collaborative Learning Allows students in different locations to work together

Games Defined: an activity that differs from real life but follows rules to reach a goal Advantages Attractive, novel, atmosphere and time on task Limitations Competition, distraction, and poor design

Games Integration Adapting the content of instructional games Attain cognitive objectives Adds motivation to unattractive topics Small-group instruction Basic skills Vocabulary building Adapting the content of instructional games Frame game: original game that can be adapted Examples: Spelling Rummy, Word Bingo

Simulations Defined: simplification of a real-life situation or process Advantages Realistic, safe, and simplified Limitations Time consuming and oversimplification

Simulations Integration Simulation and Problem-Based Learning Training in skills to hazardous or expensive for real life Instruction in social interaction and human relations Development of decision making skills Simulation and Problem-Based Learning Example: Role Play Simulator (device)

Simulation Games Defined: combines simulation and games into one system Integration Creates system that offers skill practice of games and reality of simulation Cooperative Simulation Games Must work together to achieve success, do not compete

Programmed Instruction Defined: operant conditioning or reinforcement theory Advantages Self-pacing, practice and feedback, reliable, and effective Limitations Program design, tedious, lack of social interaction Integration Successfully used in almost every subject

Programmed Tutoring Defined: programmed in advance, printed instructions Advantages Self-pacing, practice and feedback, social reinforcers, reliable and effective Limitations Labor intensive and development costs Integration Use materials that are already made in order to make the tutoring replicable

Questions