1. Chapter 11
INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD

2. Instructional Strategy
Definition
Is the overall plan that for teaching and learning experience that involves used of one or several method ofd instructions to achieve the desired learning outcomes (Rothwell & Kazans 2004)

3. Instructional Methods
Definition
Techniques or approaches that the teacher uses to bring the learner in contact with the content to be learned
The way information is thought that bring the learner in contact with the content to be learned

4. Instructional Methods
Gaming
Simulation
Role-playing
Role-modeling
Self-instruction
Lecture
Group Discussion
One-to-One Instruction
Demonstration
Return Demonstration

5. Is there one perfect Instructional Method to teach all learners in all settings?

6. Decision about which method to use must be based on consideration of such major factors as:
Audience characteristics
Learning Style
Educator expertise
Objectives of learning
Potential for achieving learning outcomes
Cost effectiveness
Instructional setting
Evolving technology

7. Lecture
Definition
An instructional method in which the teacher verbally transmits information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of education. It is highly structured.

8. Components of Lecture
Introduction
Body
Conclusion

9. Lecture
Presentation of the lecture must be adher to the follwing general guideline (Evans 2000)
Do not put al;l content on the slide ,but include only the key concepts
Use large font possible
Do not exceed 25 words per slide

10. Choose colors that provide a high level of contrast between background and text
Use graphics for presenting large amount of numerical data
Do not overdue the use of action figures, which can distract the audience
Make sure that all audiovisual material is functional

11. Lecture Advantages Limitations Cost effective Targets large groups
Useful for cognitive domain learning
Limitations
Not individualized
Passive learners

12. Group Discussion Definition
An instructional method in which learners are together to exchange information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher to achieve educational objectives

13. Group Discussion Advantages Limitations
Stimulates sharing of ideas and emotions
Active learners
Useful for cognitive and affective domains of learning
Limitations
Shy member does not participate
Dominant member overwhelms the group
Highly diverse groups may have difficulty interacting

14. One-to-One Instruction
Definition
An instructional method in which the teacher delivers personally designed instruction to a learner.

15. One-to-One Instruction
Advantages
Active learner
Tailored to individual’s needs and goals
Useful for all three learning domains
Limitations
Can be expensive because it is labor intensive
Isolates learner

16. Demonstration Definition
An instructional method in which the learner is shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill

17. Demonstration Advantages Limitations
Previews exact skill for the learner
Useful for psychomotor domain learning
Limitations
May be expensive because all learners need to easily visualize skill. This requires use of technology or small groups.

18. Return Demonstration Definition
An instructional method in which the learner attempts to perform a skill with cues from the teacher as needed

19. Return Demonstration Limitations Advantages
Viewing individual performance is labor intensive
Advantages
Active learner
Individual guidance
Useful for psychomotor domain learning

20. Gaming

21. Gaming
Definition
An instructional method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules to achieve an educational objective

22. Gaming
Games can be simple or they can be more complex to challenge the learner’s ability to use higher order problem-solving and critical thinking strategies

23. Gaming
The goal is for the learners to win a game by applying knowledge and rehearsing skills previously learned.

24. Gaming Advantages Limitations Active learner
Perceived as “fun” by many learners
Useful for all three domains of learning
Limitations
Too competitive for some learners

25. Simulation

26. Simulation Definition
A trial-and-error method of teaching requiring creation of a hypothetical or artificial experience to engage the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions without the risk-taking consequences of an actual situation

27. Types of Simulation Written simulation e.g case studies
Clinical simulation e.g mock caediac arrest
Model simulation
Computer simulation

28. Simulation Limitations Advantages Labor intensive Costs of equipment
Active learners
Practice “reality” in a safe setting
Useful for cognitive and psychomotor domains of learning

29. Role-Playing

30. Role-Playing Definition
An instructional method where learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization to elicit their feelings to achieve affective domain objectives

31. Role-Playing
The responsibility of the teacher is to design a situation with enough information for learners to be able to assume the role of some one else without actually giving them a script to follow

32. Role-Playing
For role playing to be employed effectively, the teacher must be sure that the group has attained a comfort level that allows each member to feel secure enough to participate in a dramatization

33. Role-Playing Advantages Limitations Active learner
Develops “understanding” of others
Useful for affective domain learning
Limitations
Learner can exaggerate or under-develop the role

34. Role-Modeling

35. Role-Modeling Definition
An instructional method in which the teacher “models” or exhibits behaviors that the learner may imitate or adopt as he or she is socialized into a role. Learning from role- modeling is called identification and emanates from socialization theories.

36. Role-Modeling Advantages Limitations
Helps with socialization into role
Useful for affective domain learning
Limitations
Requires rapport between teacher and learner

37. Self-Instruction

38. Self-Instruction Definition
An instructional method to provide activities that guide the learner in independently achieving the educational objectives
Such as self instructional package, individualized activities , programmed instruction

39. Self-Instruction
Each self -instruction module need to contain the following elements:
An introduction and statement of propose
A list of pre-requisite skills
A list of behavioral objectives
A pretest

40. Self-Instruction
An identification of learning resources and learning activities
Periodic self-asesement
A posttest

41. Self-Instruction Advantages Limitations Self-paced Cost-effective
Consistent
Useful for cognitive domain learning
Limitations
Learner may procrastinate
Requires literacy

42. Factors in Selection of Instructional Methods
What are the predetermined objectives?
What are the characteristics of the targeted audience?
What resources are available?
What are the teacher’s strengths and limitations?

43. Evaluation of Instructional Methods

44. Evaluation of Instructional Methods

45. Creative Techniques to Enhance Verbal Presentations

46. Creative Techniques to Enhance Verbal Presentations
Enthusiasm
Humor
Risk-taking
Drama
Problem-solving
Role-modeling
Anecdotes
Technology

47. General Principles for All Teachers
Give positive reinforcement.
Project acceptance/sensitivity.
Be organized, give direction.
Elicit and provide feedback.
Use questioning.
Know your audience.
Use repetition and pacing.
Summarize key points.

48. Instructional Settings
Healthcare setting
Health-related setting
Non-healthcare setting

49. Sharing Resources
Nurses in each of the setting types can establish a health education committee to coordinate health education programming, ensure effective use of resources, and avoid duplication of efforts.

50. Summary
Instructional Methods and Settings module has presented in-depth review of the various instructional methods and compared the advantages and limitations of each approach

51. Summary
As a nurse educator you have the responsibility to select proper methods that match the learner characteristics ,behavioral objectives , teacher characteristics and available recourses