Warm-Up What is 1 way the Renaissance & Reformation are connected? What is 1 way the Scientific Revolution and the Reformation are connected?

The Enlightenment Renaissance: rebirth of culture – art, writing, music Reformation: start of Protestant Christian religions, decline in power of Catholic church Scientific Revolution: new research in math, science; use of logic Enlightenment: new philosophies about government, humans & society “The Age of Reason”

The Enlightenment or “Age of Reason” WHAT WAS THE ENLIGHTENMENT? WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT? HOW DID ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS SPREAD? WHAT ARE THE LASTING EFFECTS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT? Learning Goal 5: Explain how Calvin, Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Jefferson and Blackstone contributed to the new ideas presented during the Enlightenment and describe the impact of these ideas. (TEKS/SE’s 1E,20C) 3

Causes of the Enlightenment Renaissance discovery of new classical manuscripts leads scholars to question accepted knowledge. Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists challenge accepted thinking. Causes of the Enlightenment Exploration broadens European horizons. The printing Press spreads new Ideas. 4

What was the Enlightenment? Definition: A revolution of new ideas that changed European views of government and society. led by philosophers What inspired the Enlightenment? The Renaissance triggered a new way of thinking; people turned to reason to answer their questions about the world around them 5

Importance of the Enlightenment “So, why does it matter?” Many freedoms and some forms of government in many countries today are a result of Enlightenment thinking. 6

Major Enlightenment Ideas Natural laws influence society Not a law! Basic morals all people have Separation of powers in the government 3 branches in the US – legislative, executive, judicial 7

Enlightenment Ideas Science & reason can improve government & society All people are born with natural rights Examples: life, liberty, own property Science & reason can improve government & society All people are born with natural rights Examples: life, liberty, own property

Philosophes were responsible for Enlightenment ideas. Hobbes Locke Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau Calvin Jefferson Blackstone Who are they? Hobbes thought that people needed government to take care of them because they wouldn’t take care of themselves. They would do what was necessary to survive. Locke had the opposite thought. He thought that the government should have the consent of the people and that people have certain natural rights: life, liberty and society. 9

Highlight the following information Locke: natural rights, Declaration of Independence (DOI) Rousseau: Social Contract Montesquieu: separation of powers (3 branches) Voltaire: religious freedom Hobbes: people = naturally bad Jefferson: education, DOI Calvin: predestination Blackstone: Impacted US laws

Philosophes: Hobbes vs. Locke Thomas Hobbes Strong government needed to preserve society and keep order Humans are naturally selfish and wicked Need all-powerful ruler to suppress natural violent tendencies John Locke Natural Rights Life, liberty, and property Humans are naturally able to govern themselves; favored self-government Government should have the consent of the governed 11

Philosophes The Social Contract Individual rights, freedom, & equality Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Society agrees to be governed by its general will Separation between church and state Individual rights, freedom, & equality People are naturally good Society Corrupts them John Calvin Predestination-belief that God decided, before creating the world, who will & will not be saved Geneva, Switzerland-a model Christian community Restrictions on individuals by public scrutiny and punishment 12

Philosophes Common law legal system Individual rights based on the law Sir William Blackstone Common law legal system Individual rights based on the law Influenced writers of U.S. Constitution Blackstone’s Ratio-better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer Thomas Jefferson Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Based on Locke’s natural rights It is acceptable to rebel in order to restrain govt. and retain individual rights Author of the Declaration of Independence 13

Philosophes Most popular writer of Enlightenment Voltaire Most popular writer of Enlightenment Criticized Christianity (Deist) Strong belief in religious tolerance & free speech Freedom of thought & expression Baron de Montesquieu Limit control through Check and Balances Separation of Powers Identified 3 kinds of government Republics (small states) Despotism (large states) Monarchies (moderate-size states)

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Key Idea: Enlightenment ideas circulated in pamphlets and formal discussions. The new ideals of order and reason reflected in the arts and music. European monarchs make limited reforms based on Enlightenment ideas.

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Circulation of Ideas Salons, Encyclopedia, Books, Letters, Magazines, Pamphlets Art and Literature Neoclassical art, Classical music, Novels Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Politics Constitutions, Social contracts, Individual rights and freedoms, Enlightened despots

Exit Ticket Which thinker do you believe was the most impactful during the Enlightenment and why? Take a stance (position) and justify your answer with a thoughtful explaination. This should be somewhere between 6-12 sentences.